马克思人与自然关系理论的多维审视

发布时间：2019-06-05 03:30

【摘要】：马克思人与自然关系理论是马克思哲学思想内在的一根主线。马克思在分析人与自然关系的时候超越了历史上把人“排除”在自然之外看自然的自然主义和把人“置于”自然之上看自然的人本主义之间的简单对立,而是立足于人与自然的存在方式全面地分析了人与自然的本真的、现实的和理想的关系。马克思虽没有专门的以本体论为标题的著作,但他提供了一种有关人和自然独立存在的本体论。在肯定人和自然具有独立存在这一点上,马克思直接继承了费尔巴哈的人本主义和自然主义思想,但是,他超出费尔巴哈的地方在于：不是立足于人的感性直观或感觉,而是立足于人的感性活动即实践,来理解和把握感性的人和自然及其相互关系。马克思认为现实的人与自然的存在因为实践方式(劳动)的异化而以异化的方式而存在。理想的人与自然的存在关系,要通过扬弃私有财产和异化劳动的共产主义运动才能实现。马克思人与自然这两个独立存在的感性实体之间互为本质的存在关系是建立在人的实践活动的基础上的。马克思立足于人与自然的关系对实践做了本质涵义的规定,并从实践概念的一般界定入手,分析了人与自然关系理论中实践的基本形式,即生产实践。马克思强调,人与自然的实践关系纠缠着人与人的社会关系,并随着人类社会的发展而不断发展变化,从而给人与自然的关系赋予了社会历史性。马克思认为,人类是凭借着生产实践而与自然进行着物质、能量、信息的变换的。但在现实的资本主义社会中,由于资本主义生产资料私有制的生产方式,使得其现实的自然与人及社会在进行物质变换的过程中出现了物质变换的裂缝。这种物质变换的裂缝是资本主义制度本身带来的,因而也是无法弥补的。要修补裂缝,合理调节物质变换只有进行社会革命,改变资本主义制度,建立符合社会化大生产的新型社会,即共产主义社会。在马克思的视野里,人与自然的关系既是一种实践关系,又是一种认识关系,人在对自然进行实践活动的过程中,也在获得对自然和人自身的认识。马克思认为,人对自然的认识,就是人对自身的认识,就是人通过自然进行的自我认识。人类可以根据感觉、艺术、自然科学等多种形式来认识和把握自然,人认识和把握自然的过程是一个历史发展的过程,认识的每一个变化,归根结底都是由我们实践的变化而引起的。马克思认为,在资本主义生产方式下,由于实践方式(劳动)的异化必然导致人对自然的认识存在着观念的异化。这种观念的异化,在实践中就会导致破坏人与自然和谐的结果。马克思认为,在人以实践的方式、认识的方式把握自然的过程中,始终贯穿着人与自然的价值关系。人与自然的价值关系体现的是人在认识与改造自然的过程中,自然能否满足人的需要及满足人的需要的程度的表现。马克思认为,人对自然的价值活动实现于人与自然的所有实践和认识活动之中。他提出：人与自然最基本的价值关系是一种功利的价值关系,此外,人与自然还有审美的价值关系。在对人与自然关系的价值审视中,马克思提出了一个著名的论断：劳动创造价值。在对人的价值的评价上,马克思始终坚持人的本质的社会属性,提出了社会价值是评价人的价值的最高准绳。在此基础上,马克思对现存资本主义社会中对人与自然异化了的实践关系、异化了的认识关系及异化了的价值关系进行了价值批判,并对理想的人与自然的实践关系、认识关系、价值关系表达了价值认同。马克思在谈到人与自然的价值关系的同时,也谈到了人与自然的权利关系,即法权关系。马克思认为,康德和黑格尔追求的只是抽象的法与权利,是在私有制范围内的法与权利。马克思从社会存在决定社会意识,社会的经济结构决定社会的上层建筑的历史唯物主义观点出发对资产阶级法权论进行了批判,明确指出：财产是“法和国家的全部内容”。从而揭露了法权的本质,颠覆了近代资产阶级法权论者的形而上学的法学基础,实现了对资产阶级法权论的超越,完成了法权思想史上的革命性变革。马克思对资本主义现实社会人与自然的法权关系进行尖锐地批判的同时,对其心目中理想的人与自然的法权关系和通往理想的人与自然的法权关系的途径进行了积极探索。人与自然的关系始终是随着人类生产劳动的发展而发展的,其理论具有鲜明的辩证法的性质。辩证法就是马克思人与自然关系的方法论。在马克思那里,人与自然的辩证关系不仅体现在人与自然分别作为主体和客体的相互作用上,尤其体现在人与自然关系的历史性当中。马克思对黑格尔的辩证法进行了革命的改造,创立了独具特色的实践唯物主义的辩证法思想,并把这一思想自觉地运用到人与自然关系的理论之中。马克思在对人与自然本体论、实践论、认识论、价值论、法权论等多重关系的审视中都充分论证了其辩证性,从而揭示了人与自然关系总体的历史辩证特征。通过对马克思人与自然关系理论的多维审视,可见其理论的历史唯物主义特质和鲜明的唯物辩证法特色。具体说来,马克思人与自然关系理论具有现实性、理想性、实践性、革命性、科学性、阶级性的总体特征。具有自身特征的马克思人与自然关系理论是构建中国特色生态哲学的理论依据；是建设我国生态文明的指导思想。
[Abstract]:The theory of the relationship between man and nature is one of the main lines of Marx's philosophical thought. In the analysis of the relationship between man and nature, Marx transcends the simple contradiction between the natural naturalism of human "exclude" and the natural humanism on the nature of human's "put in". It is based on the existence of man and nature, and analyses the real, realistic and ideal relationship between man and nature. Although Marx did not have a special book on the title of ontology, he provided a body that existed independently and naturally. On this point of affirmation and nature, Marx inherited the thought of the humanism and naturalism of Ferbha directly, but the place of him beyond the Fairbaha lies in that it is not based on the perceptual intuition or the feeling of the human being, but based on the emotional activity of the human being. To understand and grasp the perceptive person and nature and their cross-correlation On the basis of the alienation of the practical way (labor), the existence of the man and nature of the reality is stored in a dissimilatory way. In the existence of the ideal man and nature, the communist movement of the private property and the alienation of labor can only be realized Now, the relationship between the two independent and existing perceptual entities of Marx and nature is the basis of the establishment of the human's practical activities. On the basis of the relationship between man and nature, Marx has made the essential meaning of the practice, and starts with the general definition of the practice concept, and analyzes the basic form of the practice in the theory of the relationship between man and nature, that is, the life Marx emphasized that the practical relationship between man and nature has entangled the social relations between man and man, and has changed constantly with the development of human society, so that the relationship between man and nature is given to the society In that opinion of Marx, human is carry on material, energy and information with nature through production practice. But in the real capitalist society, because of the mode of production of the private ownership of the capitalist means of production, the material transformation in the course of material transformation between the natural and the human and the society The crack of this kind of material transformation is brought by the capitalist system itself, so it can't In order to repair the cracks, the rational adjustment of the material transformation can only carry out the social revolution, change the capitalist system, and establish a new type of society which is in line with the large-scale production of the socialization, that is, the co-production main In Marx's field of view, the relationship between man and nature is not only a kind of practical relation, but also a kind of understanding relation. In the course of carrying out the practical activities of nature, people are also getting the natural and human In Marx's view, the person's knowledge of nature is the person's understanding of himself, that is, by nature The self-knowledge of human beings can be recognized and grasped in various forms, such as the feeling, the art, the natural science and so on. The process of people's understanding and understanding of nature is a process of historical development. In the capitalist mode of production, the alienation of the mode of practice (labor) inevitably leads to the existence of the knowledge of nature. The alienation of the concept can lead to the destruction of man and nature in practice. The result of the harmony, in the view of Marx, in the way of the practice, the way to grasp the natural process, always runs through the people and The value relation between man and nature is that people can meet the needs of people and meet the needs of people in the process of cognition and transformation of nature. The expression of the degree to which Marx holds that the human value of nature is realized in all the practice of man and nature. He proposed that the most basic value relation between man and nature is a value relation of utility, and in addition, the man and nature also In the view of the value of the relationship between man and nature, Marx put forward a famous conclusion In the evaluation of the value of human, Marx always insists on the social attribute of human nature, and puts forward that the social value is the appraiser's value. On the basis of this, Marx's value criticism on the relationship between the human and nature dissimilation in the existing capitalist society, the dissimilation of the cognition relation and the value relation of the alienation, and the practice relation, the understanding relation and the value relation of the ideal man and nature. On the basis of the value relation between man and nature, Marx also talked about the right of man and nature The relation of interest, that is, the relationship between the law and the right, is that Kant and Hegel are pursuing only the abstract method and the right, which is in the private Marx's criticism on the theory of the right of the bourgeoisie from the viewpoint of the social consciousness, the economic structure of the society and the superstructure of the society, and makes it clear that the property is" the whole content of the Act and the Sta " This paper reveals the essence of the right of law, subverts the legal basis of the metaphysical legal basis of the modern bourgeois law, and realizes the transcendence of the theory of the right of the bourgeoisie, and completes the right of law. On the basis of the revolutionary change in history, Marx makes a sharp criticism of the relationship between the human and nature of the realistic society of capitalism, and the relationship between the right of the man and nature of the ideal man and nature and the legal right to the ideal man and nature. The relationship between man and nature has always been developed with the development of human production, and its theory The nature of a distinctive dialectics. Dialectics is Mark. The methodology of the relationship between man and nature. In Marx, the dialectical relationship between man and nature is not only reflected in the interaction between man and nature as subject and object, especially in man Marx's transformation of Hegel's dialectics has made the revolution of Hegel's dialectics, and founded the dialectical thought of the unique practical materialism, and applied the thought consciously to it. In the theory of the relationship between man and nature, Marx has fully demonstrated its dialectical nature in the examination of the multiple relations of the ontology, the practice, the epistemology, the value of value and the theory of law, so as to reveal the man and nature. The historical dialectical characteristic of the relationship is the historical materialism of the theory through the multi-dimensional examination of the theory of the relationship between man and nature. In particular, the theory of the relationship between man and nature is realistic, idealistic, practical and revolutionary. The theory of the relationship between man and nature with its own characteristics is the theoretical basis for building the ecological philosophy of Chinese characteristics;
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811

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