关中山东庄移民百年史迹与生聚现状研究

发布时间：2018-07-16 12:30

【摘要】：人口迁移是人口变迁的主要方式，也是社会变迁的基本形式之一，对国家和社会发展起着举足轻重的作用。近代山东灾荒连年，社会动荡，出现了大规模的移民潮，成为最主要的移民迁出地。本研究选取晚清“鲁人入陕”事件作为研究对象，置山东移民于迁入地——关中这一特定的区域范围。通过田野调查，运用文献考据法、经济学、社会学、文化学等方法，重点考察山东庄移民经济与关中经济的互动关系，分析山东移民如何和关中土著居民实现融合，在实现自身经济发展的同时，共同推动关中经济和社会的恢复和发展。晚清天灾人祸后，齐鲁两地的人口和耕地占有出现了明显的差异，成为移民事件的最主要驱动力。鲁人入陕事件是一次自发性、有组织性并存的大规模移民行动，政府宽松的移民政策和山东籍政府官员焦云龙的参与，进一步加快了移民的速度和规模。移民入关中后，出于封建农业社会本能逐“地”性的需要，他们沿回乱后形成的人烟稀少的关中东部长带，在三原、高陵、阎良、临潼等区县及渭北的富平、大荔、渭南、蒲城等县，建立起众多的移民村落——山东庄，初步估算而今人口已达30万人以上。农业经济是山东庄移民经济的主体。山东移民积极垦荒，兴修水利，发展井灌，打破了关中地区原有的以粮棉为主的单一生产模式。他们引种美烟，种桑养蚕，扩大植棉，种植油料作物和园艺作物，农业生产呈现多种经营格局。山东移民的到来，为关中地区带来了充足劳动力，也使关中土地更加细碎化，加快了“关中模式”的形成进程；进一步完善了关中地区的灌溉系统，重新奠定了关中地区以粮棉大省地位；对战后关中农业的快速恢复发展起到了促进作用。相较于农业经济，山东庄的手工业和商业经济处于附属地位，是农业经济的有力补充。山东庄手工业经营是建构在封建土地所有制和小块土地经营基础上的“农工经营”模式，经营以家庭作坊为单位，主要从事农产品加工。因市场的狭小、资本和技术的缺乏，家庭手工业缺乏扩大再生产的动力，经营门类和经营方式具有狭隘性。山东庄移民的商业经营以销售手工业产品为主，商品的流向和销售渠道对农村集市有很大的依赖性。尽管商业经营规模受到资本、市场和购买力的限制，未能从区域上实现突破，从农村进入城市，但对以集市为中心的农村商品市场的经济网络的修复起到了很大作用，促生了关中农村商业贸易的再度繁荣。山东庄社会是一个由血缘和地缘构建起来的熟人社会，村落治理依靠长老统治和乡规民约约束。山东移民以谦和的退守避让策略化解了土客之争，未和关中土著在土地、水源争夺中产生矛盾冲突，以退为进赢得了关中人的尊敬。山东村落在关中大地依田而居，独立成庄，呈网状分布；村落选址不同于关中村落，主要因“田”（耕地）而居，较少考虑风水因素；村落规模以地缘为核心构建，以血缘为中心扩展，呈“包心菜”式扩大。早期的山东民居带有明显的移民符号，平原地区是山东式草棚，塬区是地坑窑，后来被逐渐同化，，民居经失去了原有的特色，和关中民居逐步趋同。早期关中移民姻缘圈仅限于山东庄内部，不与关中人通婚，受制于习俗和经济水平，婚礼和丧葬仪式也较关中人更为节俭。因独立聚居，山东庄受外来文化侵入有限，带有明显移民符号的语言、饮食等习俗得以很好传承。关中地区基督教由山东移民传入，其传播形式异于其他，先有教民，后有传教士和教会，移民入教者甚多。山东移民比关中村民更重视子女的文化教育，早期是私塾教育，科举制废除后，移民子女多在教会学校接受教育，女孩子在教会女校接受教育。教会学校的设立适应了晚清文化变革和关中社会的需要，其完善的学科的设置和新颖的授课方法已经具有现代学科教育的雏形。三原县大李村和徐木村两个村落的抽样调查结果显示：村民普遍认为移民经济发展总体优于当地关中村落经济发展水平，在与关中村落的相处中他们表示了极高的满意度，而今在与故土的交流中，除了以血缘为基础的探亲访友，更多是基于业缘的经济交往。山东庄移民作为近代移民史上的成功范例，其移民过程中的经济发展和社会融合方式为当代移民提供了可资借鉴的经验。
[Abstract]:Population migration is the main way of population change and one of the basic forms of social change. It plays an important role in the development of the country and society. In recent years, the famine in Shandong, the social unrest, the mass migration tide appeared, and it became the most important emigrant. By means of fieldwork, literature examination, economics, sociology and culture, this paper focuses on the interaction relationship between the immigration economy of Shandong Zhuang Autonomous Region and the economy of Guanzhong, and analyzes how the immigrants of Shandong and Guanzhong indigenous people integrate and realize their own economic development through field investigation and methods of literature examination, economics, sociology and culture. At the same time, we will jointly promote the economic and social recovery and development in Guanzhong.
After the late Qing Dynasty and the natural and man-made disasters, the population and the possession of cultivated land in Qilu appeared obvious difference and became the main driving force of the immigrant incident. The incident of Lu people into Shaanxi was a spontaneous, organized and large-scale immigrant action. The government's loose immigration policy and the participation of Jiao Yunlong, the official of the government of Shandong, further accelerated the immigration. At the speed and scale of the immigration, after the immigrated into the Guanzhong, out of the needs of the "ground" nature of the feudal agricultural and social instincts, they formed a long and sparsely populated Guanzhong belt along the back of the chaos. In Sanyuan, Gaoling, Yanliang, Lintong and other counties and Fuping, Dali, Weinan, Pucheng, and other counties of the Weibei Province, a large number of immigrants villages, Shandong Zhuang, were established, initially estimated. Now the population has reached more than 300 thousand people.
The agricultural economy is the main body of the immigration economy of Shandong Zhuang. The Shandong immigrants actively reclaim the wasteland, build water conservancy and develop the well irrigation, and break the original single production mode in Guanzhong area. They introduce the beautiful tobacco, the mulberry silkworm breeding, the expansion of the cotton planting, the planting of oil crops and the horticultural crops, and the agricultural production presents a variety of management patterns. To Shandong immigrant In this way, we have brought enough labor force to Guanzhong area, made the land of Guanzhong more fine and quickened the formation process of "Guanzhong mode", further perfected the irrigation system in Guanzhong area, and re laid the position of Guanzhong area with grain and cotton Province, and promoted the rapid recovery and development of the post-war Guanzhong agriculture.
Compared to the agricultural economy, Shandong Zhuang's handicraft industry and commercial economy are in a subsidiary position and a powerful supplement to the agricultural economy. Shandong Zhuang handicraft industry is a "farm worker" model based on the feudal land ownership and small land management. It is mainly engaged in the family workshop as a unit, mainly engaged in the processing of agricultural products. The lack of capital and technology, the lack of capital and technology, the lack of power to expand reproduction, and the narrowness of the business approach and operation. The commercial operation of Shandong Zhuang immigrant is dominated by the sale of handicraft products. The flow of goods and sales channels have a great dependence on the rural market. Although the commercial scale is subject to capital, market and purchase The restriction of the force has failed to achieve a breakthrough from the region and entered the city from the countryside, but it has played a great role in the restoration of the economic network of the rural commodity market, which centers on the market, and has promoted the revival of the rural commercial trade in Guanzhong.
Shandong Zhuang society is an acquaintance society constructed by blood and geography. The village governance depends on the rule of the elders and the restraint of the township rules. The Shandong immigrants defused the dispute of the earth guests with a modest retreat to avoid the conflict between the aborigines in the land and the water source contest, and won the respect of the people of the Guanzhong. The village of Shandong has won the respect of the people of the Guanzhong. The site is different from the village in Guanzhong. The location of the village is different from the village in Guanzhong, which is mainly due to the "field" (arable land) and less consideration of the geomantic factors; the village scale is based on the geopolitical core, with the blood relationship as the center and the expansion of the "cabbage". The early Shandong dwellings have obvious immigrant symbols, flat. The original area is the Shandong style grass shed, the tableland area is the pit kiln, then gradually assimilated, the folk house has lost its original characteristic, and the Guanzhong folk house gradually converged. The early Guanzhong immigrant marriage circle is only limited to the interior of Shandong Zhuang, which is not intermarried with the Guanzhong people, and is subject to the custom and economic level. The wedding ceremony and funeral rite are more frugal than the people in the Guanzhong. Residence, Shandong Zhuang is limited by the invasion of foreign culture, and the language, diet and other customs with obvious immigration symbols are well passed down.
The spread of Christianity in Guanzhong area was introduced by immigrants from Shandong. The form of its spread was different from that of other people. First, there were teachers, missionaries and churches, and many immigrants entered teaching. The immigrants of Shandong paid more attention to the culture and education of their children than the villagers in Guanzhong. In the early period, the education of private schools and the abolition of the imperial examination system, the emigration children were more educated in the church schools, and the girls were taught in the women's school. The establishment of ecclesiastical schools adapted to the cultural changes in the late Qing Dynasty and the needs of the society in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. Its perfect subject setting and new teaching methods have already had the embryonic form of modern discipline education.
The sampling survey of two villages in Dan Licun and Xu Mu village in Sanyuan county shows that the villagers generally think that the economic development of the immigrants is generally superior to the economic development level of the local Guanzhong village, and that they have expressed very high satisfaction in getting along with the villages in Guanzhong. As a successful example in the history of modern immigration, Shandong Zhuang immigrants, as a successful example in the history of modern immigration, provide valuable experience for contemporary immigrants in the process of economic development and social integration in the process of immigration.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：C922

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