“单独两孩”政策实施中存在的问题及对策研究

发布时间：2018-11-02 07:40

【摘要】：人口和家庭是一个国家和民族最基本的构成单位,人口问题一直以来都是关乎国家生存发展的重大战略问题。从上世纪70年代开始,针对我国人口基数大、人口增长过快的实际情况,国家决定开始实行计划生育政策。计划生育政策是新中国成立以来实施时间最久、最受民众关注的一项基本国策,它不仅在及时控制我国人口增长速度方面产生了明显效果,也在促进经济社会快速发展方面起到了重要作用。然而,计划生育政策经过几十年的实践,虽然取得了举世瞩目的成绩,同时也带来了许多不容忽视的问题,如人口老龄化程度加快、男女比例严重失调、新增劳动力锐减、独生子女家庭风险加重等等。在这一背景下,十八届三中全会作出决定,在全国范围内正式实施“单独两孩”政策,被视为我国生育政策史上的重要里程碑。“单独两孩”政策实施两年以来,虽然也取得了一定的效果,但依然与预期目标相去甚远。即便有了政策的支持,许多符合生育条件的家庭受各个方面的因素影响,生育意愿并不强烈,这在一定程度上催生了2015年11月我国“全面两孩”政策的放开。本文首先从我国计划生育政策出现的历史背景出发,总结了我国在实行计划生育以来所取得的成绩,并分析了所引发的的社会问题和消极影响;其次,从“单独两孩”政策的实际实施情况出发,探究政策实施过程中存在的各种问题,通过数据比对、调查问卷等方式对新政策的实施效果与预期目标出现差距的根本原因进行研究分析,并介绍国家针对上述问题而对计划生育政策进行的调整和完善,即“全面两孩”政策的出台;最后从以“单独两孩”政策实施过程中积累的经验为借鉴,针对“全面两孩”政策的实施提出相应的可行性建议和意见,探讨如何稳妥扎实有序地推进调整完善生育政策,促进人口长期均衡发展。
[Abstract]:Population and family are the most basic units of a country and a nation. Population problem has always been a major strategic issue related to the survival and development of a country. Since the 1970s, in view of the fact that China's population base is large and population growth is too fast, the state has decided to implement the family planning policy. The family planning policy is a basic national policy that has been implemented for the longest time since the founding of New China and received the most attention of the public. It has not only produced obvious results in controlling the speed of population growth in China in a timely manner. Also in the promotion of rapid economic and social development has played an important role. However, after decades of practice, although the family planning policy has made remarkable achievements, it has also brought many problems that cannot be ignored, such as the accelerated ageing of the population, the serious imbalance between men and women, and the sharp decrease in the new labor force. Only child family risk aggravation and so on. In this context, the decision of the third Plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee to formally implement the policy of "single two-child" in the whole country is regarded as an important milestone in the history of China's fertility policy. Although two-child policy has achieved some results since it was implemented two years ago, it is still far from the expected goal. Even with the support of the policy, many eligible families are influenced by various factors and their desire to have children is not strong, which to some extent led to the liberalization of the "comprehensive two-child" policy in China in November 2015. Based on the historical background of China's family planning policy, this paper summarizes the achievements made since the implementation of family planning, and analyzes the social problems and negative effects. Secondly, starting from the actual implementation of the policy of "single and two-child", this paper explores the various problems existing in the process of implementing the policy, and compares the data with each other. The basic causes of the gap between the implementation effect of the new policy and the expected goal are studied and analyzed by questionnaire, and the adjustment and perfection of the national family planning policy aiming at the above problems are introduced. That is, the introduction of the "comprehensive two-child" policy; Finally, based on the experience accumulated in the implementation of the policy of "single and two children", this paper puts forward some feasible suggestions and suggestions for the implementation of the policy of "two children in an all-round way", and probes into how to advance the adjustment and perfection of the birth policy in a steady and orderly manner. To promote the long-term balanced development of the population.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：C924.21
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本文编号：2305373