“文革”前江苏省的计划生育工作

发布时间：2019-05-14 06:52

【摘要】：当代中国的计划生育事业,自上世纪五十年代中期开始倡导,至今已有近60年的历史。作为一项重要的人口政策,计划生育一直是人口学家、历史学家、社会学家关注的课题。20世纪70年代末,计划生育工作开始大规模开展,学界关于中国计划生育的政策、现状和作用的论文和著作,更是“蔚为大观”。然而,令人遗憾的是,它们大多把关注点放在1970年代以后,而对于五六十年代计划生育的实验、推广工作,特别是具体省份、地区的计划生育工作,关注不够。新中国建国初期,国家实行鼓励生育的政策,人口出生率提高,死亡率下降。1953年,第一个五年计划开始实行,全国开始大规模的经济建设。广大妇女参加劳动,希望摆脱多子女的拖累,实行节制生育,过去禁止节育的政策开始松动。1953年到1957年,开始局部试行计划生育。但1957年反右斗争中,马寅初等人的人口观点受到错误批判,刚刚起步的计划生育工作,被迫停顿下来。 1962年底,为了克服日益尖锐的人口与粮食之间的矛盾,中共中央决定压缩城镇人口,精简职工,控制人口过快增长,重新提倡计划生育。随即,江苏省委落实中央政策,积极开展计划生育工作。1962年到1965年间,全省计划生育工作从城市向农村逐步展开,摸索了很多切实可行的政策、方法,积累了经验,对改革开放以来更加扎实、更加全面、更加深入地推广计划生育工作具有重要意义。本文叙述和分析了“文革”前江苏省计划生育工作的历程,介绍了江苏省为贯彻中央决定,开展宣传教育,制定相关政策,以及技术工作上所取得的成绩。“文革”前,江苏省利用多种渠道进行计划生育工作的宣传指导,向民众推行多种计划生育技术方法。重点是推动群众使用节育环为主的避孕器具,推广输精管结扎手术、输卵管结扎手术和人工流产技术,提高了技术水平,这是计划生育工作的中心环节之一。 1962-1965年间,江苏省的计划生育工作取得了很大成绩,一定程度上控制了人口过快增长。到1965年6月底,全省约有总人口五分之三的地区展开了计划生育工作。城市人口出生率下降显著,改变了以往城市人口出生率高于农村的状况。很多青年自觉推迟结婚年龄,响应晚婚号召。但由于各种原因,“文革”之前,江苏省的计划生育工作发展也是不平衡的。首先是城乡差异。由于城市开展早一些,农村开展较晚,到1965年只在约占农村五分之二的地区展开,所以,农村人口出生率仍在上升。其次是地区差异。抓得较早的11个市,比如苏州、南通、镇江专区人口出生率都有下降,但盐城、徐州、淮阴、扬州专区到1965年底,人口持续上升。总的来说,“文革”前的江苏省计划生育群众运动,为改革开放以来计划生育工作的全面推进打下了基础。
[Abstract]:The cause of family planning in contemporary China, which began to advocate in the middle of 1950 s, has a history of nearly 60 years. As an important population policy, family planning has always been a subject of concern to demographers, historians and sociologists. In the late 1970s, family planning began to be carried out on a large scale. The present situation and the function of the paper and the work, is "the grand view". Unfortunately, however, most of them focus on the post-1970s, while insufficient attention has been paid to family planning experiments and promotion in the 1950s and 1960s, especially in specific provinces and regions. In the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, the state adopted the policy of encouraging fertility, the birth rate increased and the mortality rate dropped. In 1953, the first five-year plan was implemented, and the country began large-scale economic construction. The vast number of women took part in labor in the hope of getting rid of the drag of many children and controlling childbearing. In the past, the policy of banning birth control began to loosen. From 1953 to 1957, local trials of family planning began. However, in 1957, Ma Yinchu and others were wrongly criticized for their demographic views in the struggle against the right, and the family planning work, which had just started, was forced to come to a standstill. At the end of 1962, in order to overcome the increasingly acute contradiction between population and grain, the CPC Central Committee decided to compress the urban population, streamline workers, control excessive population growth, and re-advocate family planning. Immediately, the Jiangsu Provincial CPC Committee implemented the central policy and actively carried out family planning work. From 1962 to 1965, the province's family planning work gradually carried out from the city to the countryside, explored a lot of practical policies, methods, and accumulated experience. It is of great significance to promote family planning work more firmly and comprehensively since the reform and opening up. This paper describes and analyzes the course of family planning work in Jiangsu Province before the Cultural Revolution, and introduces the achievements made in Jiangsu Province in order to carry out the central decision, carry out propaganda and education, formulate relevant policies, and make technical work. Before the Cultural Revolution, Jiangsu Province used various channels to publicize and guide family planning work and promoted a variety of family planning techniques and methods to the public. The emphasis is on promoting the use of birth control ring based contraceptives, popularizing vasectomy, tubal ligation and induced abortion, and improving the technical level, which is one of the central links of family planning work. During 19621965, Jiangsu Province made great achievements in family planning work, to a certain extent, controlled the rapid population growth. By the end of June 1965, about 3/5 of the province's total population had carried out family planning work. The birth rate of urban population has decreased significantly, which has changed the situation that the birth rate of urban population is higher than that of rural area in the past. Many young people consciously postpone the age of marriage and respond to the call for late marriage. However, for various reasons, before the Cultural Revolution, the development of family planning work in Jiangsu Province was also uneven. The first is the difference between urban and rural areas. The birth rate in rural areas is still rising because of the earlier development of cities and the late development of rural areas, which only accounted for about 2/5 of rural areas in 1965. The second is regional differences. The birth rates of 11 cities, such as Suzhou, Nantong and Zhenjiang, all dropped, but the population of Yancheng, Xuzhou, Huaiyin and Yangzhou continued to rise by the end of 1965. Generally speaking, the mass movement of family planning in Jiangsu Province before the Cultural Revolution laid the foundation for the comprehensive promotion of family planning work since the reform and opening up.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C924.21

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