紫云格凸河苗族文化景观全球对比分析与世界遗产价值

发布时间：2018-02-26 17:24

本文关键词： 格凸河苗族文化文化景观对比分析世界遗产价值　出处：《贵州师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：世界遗产是在自然和文化上具有突出普遍价值的宝贵遗产,是全人类的宝贵财富。文化景观遗产于1992年在联合国世界遗产大会上提出,作为一种新型的遗产类型,它强调人与自然的相互作用。由于各国对遗产认识的偏差和研究程度上的差异,目前全球文化景观遗产分布不均匀,文化景观遗产主要集中在欧洲地区。亚洲地区的乡土建筑、技术和农业遗址为依托的持续演化景观能够很好的诠释文化景观遗产的演化类景观,具有十分突出的普遍价值。而我国作为遗产大国,到目前为止只有5处文化景观遗产,这与我国悠久的历史和丰富的民族文化是极不相称的。因此,文化景观遗产研究工作迫在眉睫。本文选取中国自然与文化双遗产中的“黄果树-屯堡景观”作为研究区,以“格凸河苗族文化景观”作为研究对象,通过在苗族文化景观的基础研究上,采用文献查阅法、专家咨询法、实地考察法对格凸河景观进行研究,寻找其所具有的遗产特质。登陆世界遗产官网选择具有相似特征的遗产地和预备遗产地,以及非遗产地进行全球性的对比分析,通过结合现阶段的保护状况研究其遗产价值。(1)创造性的将苗族文化同文化景观概念相结合,对苗族文化景观进行了分类,并以紫云格凸河地区的文化景观为案例对其世界遗产价值进行了探讨,找出其文化景观特质。格凸河地区完整的记录了当地苗族人民的生活场景,包括语言、服饰、传统习俗、建筑等元素,是保存完整的苗族文化景观。在生活生产层面上产生的农牧混合农业、穴居村寨、徒手攀岩活动和悬棺洞葬都与喀斯特这一自然环境息息相关,是典型的喀斯特文化景观。根据其传统的村寨选址、丧葬文化结合当地广为传唱的《亚鲁王》、《迁移歌》和砍马习俗来看,格凸河苗族文化景观也是迁移文化景观。(2)通过与其他具有山地乡村文化景观、喀斯特文化景观和迁徙文化景观特征的遗产地、提名地和非遗产地对比,格凸河苗族文化景观在文化背景和景观特征上,具有唯一性和独特性。格凸河苗族文化景观展现了千百年来苗族人在喀斯特山区不间断生活的场景,不同于其他山地乡村景观,从物质文化和非物质文化特质上都具有很强烈的苗族文化特征。在对喀斯特自然环境利用上,格凸河地区的村寨布局、房屋建筑、土地资源利用方式和水资源管理上都不同于其他对比地,具有十分鲜明的地域特征。特别是在对喀斯特洞穴环境的利用上是独一无二的,具有很高的生态价值、社会价值和文化价值。(3)格凸河苗族文化景观是人类在喀斯特山区土地利用的杰出范例,满足世界遗产标准(v),在景观要素上具有鲜明的苗族文化特征,满足世界遗产标准(iii),具有突出普遍价值。根据格凸河文化景观所具有的特质和全球对比分析结论,结合联合国世界遗产中心《实施世界遗产公约操作指南》中的价值标准,得出格凸河苗族文化景观满足世界遗产标准(iii)和(v)。格凸河苗族文化景观境内囊括了各种类型的村寨且房屋建筑风格多样,充分的利用了喀斯特山区的地形和地貌特征;在水资源管理利用上广泛的修建水井、水渠,洞穴滴水来解决喀斯特地区地表水资源短缺的自然特征;在土地资源利用上,通过巧妙的利用洞穴修建村寨、放置棺木来节约土地资源,并通过攀爬崖壁至洞中获取动物粪便来增强土壤肥力,克服了喀斯特地区土壤贫瘠的生存环境,使自己扎根在此并延续下来,很好的诠释了世界遗产价值标准(v),既可作为传统的居住地和土地使用方式,代表一种独特的文化。而当地保存的悬棺葬、洞葬、蜘蛛人徒手攀岩以及穴居文化本身也是一种独特的文化传统,并提供了有力的见证,因此,也是符合世界遗产价值标准(iii)。(4)格凸河苗族文化景观具有较高的真实性和完整性,且具有悠久的保护历史,根据目前面临着发展问题、旅游压力和传统文化流失的威胁,探索性的提出保护格凸河地区自然环境、传统文化和促进经济发展的建议。格凸河苗族文化景观所在地区已经具有的30多年的保护历史,且范围大致与格凸河穿洞国家级风景名胜区一致,具有国家级的保护属性。受到国家相关法律法规的严格保护,使其景观要素得到较好的保存,具有较高的完整性与真实性。受到经济发展的影响,格凸河地区的传统村寨和传统文化都受到一定的破坏,旅游活动也给当地的生态环境带来一定的压力。因此,在今后应当做好格凸河地区的生态环境保护,提高居民经济收入,注重保护境内独特的悬棺洞葬遗迹和攀岩等传统文化。
[Abstract]:The world heritage is the precious heritage of outstanding universal value in nature and culture, is the precious wealth of the world. The cultural landscape heritage proposed at the UN World Heritage conference in 1992, as a new type of heritage, it emphasizes the interaction between man and nature. Because of the difference of the heritage of the understanding deviation and the research the degree of the current global cultural landscape heritage distribution is not uniform, the cultural landscape heritage mainly concentrated in Europe. Asia continued evolution of vernacular architecture, landscape technology and agricultural sites based on the evolution of landscape can well interpret the cultural landscape heritage, has the universal value very prominent. And for our heritage country, so far only 5 cultural landscape heritage, this and our country's long history and rich ethnic culture is extremely disproportionate. Therefore, the research work of cultural landscape heritage This paper selects Chinese imminent. Natural and cultural heritage in the "Huangguoshu Waterfalls Tunpu landscape" as the study area, the Getu River Miao cultural landscape "as the research object, through the basic research in the Miao cultural landscape, using literature method, expert consultation method, on-the-spot investigation method to research the Getu River landscape look, it has the characteristics of world heritage heritage. Login official website and select the similar characteristics of the heritage and heritage reserve, as well as non heritage of global comparison, by combining the current situation of the research on protection of the heritage value. (1) the creative culture of Miao nationality with the cultural landscape concept combination of the Miao nationality culture landscape were classified, and the convex river area of Ziyun cultural landscape lattice case discusses the value of the world heritage, the cultural landscape characteristics of Getu River area complete. The record of the local Miao people's life scenes, including language, dress, customs, architecture and other elements, is to preserve the integrity of the Miao cultural landscape. In the level of production life of agriculture and animal husbandry mixed farming, cave village, free climbing activities and cliff cave burials are closely related to the natural environment of Karst, is a typical Karst cultural landscape. According to the location of the traditional village, funeral culture with local popular king < >, < > and migration song horse customs, Getu River Miao culture landscape is also the transfer of culture landscape. (2) by comparing with other mountainous rural cultural landscape, cultural landscape and cultural landscape of migration in Karst the characteristics of heritage, heritage nomination and non contrast, Getu River Miao cultural landscape in the cultural background and landscape features, is unique and distinct. Getu River Miao cultural landscape shows hundreds of Years of Miao people in the mountains of Karst uninterrupted life scene, different from other mountainous rural landscape, from the material culture and intangible cultural characteristics have very strong characteristics of Miao culture in Karst. The natural environment on the use of Getu River area of the village layout, housing construction, and management of water resources the use of land resources are different from other contrast, with regional characteristics very distinct. Especially in the use of Karst cave environment is the one and only, has very high ecological value, social value and cultural value. (3) Getu River Miao cultural landscape is an outstanding example of human land use in mountainous areas of Karst meet the world Heritage standards (V), with distinct characteristics of the Miao culture in the landscape elements, meet the world heritage standards (III), with outstanding value. According to the Getu River cultural landscape is special Conclusion the quality and global comparative analysis, combined with the standard value of UNESCO's World Heritage Centre "operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention >, particularly the convex River Miao culture landscape to meet the world heritage standards (III) and (V). Getu River Miao cultural landscape territory encompasses various types of villages and building styles that makes full use of the terrain and landscape features in Karst mountainous area; ditch in the utilization of water resources management is widely built wells, cave drip to solve natural characteristics of surface water resources shortage in Karst area; land resource utilization, through the clever use of construction of cave village, placed the coffin to save the land resources, and through climb to get to cliff cave animal manure enhanced soil fertility, overcome the living environment of poor soil in Karst area, make their own rooted in this and continued, a good interpretation of the world The standard value of World Heritage (V), which can be used as the traditional residence and land use, represents a unique culture. While the local preservation of burials, cave burials, spider man free climbing and cave culture itself is a unique cultural tradition, and provides a powerful witness, therefore, is also consistent with the standard the world heritage value (III). (4) the authenticity and integrity of the Getu River Miao cultural landscape is high, and has a long history of protection, according to the current problems facing the development of tourism, the loss of pressure and the traditional culture of the threat, put forward to protect the natural environment of Getu River area simply, and promote traditional culture the recommendations of the economic development. The protection of historical and cultural landscape of the Miao Getu River area has had more than 30 years, and the range of roughly uniform convex dative River piercing the national scenic area, the protection of property with the national level. By country Strictly related laws and regulations to protect, make the landscape elements are well preserved, the integrity and authenticity is very high. Affected by economic development, Getu River area of traditional villages and traditional culture are damaged to some extent. The tourism activities also bring some pressure to the local ecological environment. Therefore, do a good job to protect the ecological environment of Getu River area in the future should be to increase income, pay attention to the protection of the territory of the unique cliff hole burial sites and rock climbing and other traditional culture.

【学位授予单位】：贵州师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K901

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