《周礼》地域职官训释——附论上古时期王官之学中的地理学体系

发布时间：2018-09-03 17:36

【摘要】：中国古代的地理学最初本属于王官之学,滥觞于《周礼》当中的职方和土训、诵训氏等地域职官,而历代研治《周礼》者训解职方、土训、诵训诸官,既嫌牵强,又疑义颇多。本文研究认为,所谓“职方”,这一词语的本义应是记识各地诸种部类族属的居民与物产特征,并“周知其利害”;而土训“道地慝”,是要令君王“辨地物而原其生”,所谓“地慝”,是指特定地域内的自然地理特征;诵训“道方慝”,是为了使君王得以知其“地俗”,则意味着所谓“方慝”是指特定地域内的人文地理特征。“职方氏掌天下之图,以掌天下之地”,应当是统一掌管天下各地的所有地理知识,即各地的地理知识都要汇总到这里;至于职方氏“辨其邦国、都鄙、四夷、八蛮、七闽、九貉、五戎、六狄之人民,与其财用、九谷、六畜之数要,周知其利害”,则应当是分析处理这些资料,总结归纳各地的地理特征,以备需索稽求。王官之学最主要的特征,是其直接服务于君王。职方氏掌管的地理知识,被分别划分成“地慝”和“方慝”两大部分,分别由在君王出巡时夹右王车而平时亦必定侍从于王廷以备顾问的土训和诵训,提供给君王。由于是王官之学,不同的职掌,也就意味着不同的学科分支。“地慝”与“方慝”的划分,在地理学发展史上,具有重大意义,即前者大致相当于现代地理学术语中的自然地理,后者则大致相当于人文地理。职方与土训、诵训诸官相互协同运作,构成上古王官之学中地理学知识的总体框架体系。地理学这种王官之学的属性,从东汉时期起,开始发生变化;但直至西晋时期,始得以根本改观。
[Abstract]:The geography of ancient China originally belonged to the Wang Guan's school, originated in the official party and the earth training in Zhou Li, recited the local official and so on, but the successive dynasties research and governs the "Zhou Li" the person to train and dismiss the official, the earth training, the recitation to teach the official, is not only too farfetched, but also has a lot of doubts. In this paper, the author believes that the original meaning of the term "staff side" should be to recognize the characteristics of the inhabitants and property of all kinds of subordinate families in various places and to "know their interests", while the earthy saying "earth and place is buried" is meant to enable the king to "distinguish the ground from the origin of his birth". The so-called "earth hidden" refers to the natural geographical characteristics of a particular region, and the recitation of "Tao and Fang Fang hidden" is to enable the king to know its "local customs", which means that the so-called "square hidden" means the humanistic geographical characteristics in a particular region. "the plan of taking charge of the world by the family of duty and the land under the earth" should be a unified control of all geographical knowledge in all parts of the world, that is, the geographical knowledge of all localities should be aggregated here; as for the family of posts, "all countries are contemptible, four Yi, eight people, seven Fujian," Nine raccoons, five Rong, six Di's people, rather than their money, nine grain, six livestock, known their interests, "should be analyzed and processed these data, summed up the geographical characteristics of the region, in case it needs to be checked." The most important characteristic of the study of Wang Guan is that it serves the king directly. His knowledge of geography was divided into two parts: "earth hidden" and "square hidden", which were provided to the king by the right king's chariot while the king was on the tour, and by the king's adjunct and admonition at ordinary times when he was ready to be counsellors. Since it is the school of Wang Guan, different branches of discipline mean different branches of discipline. In the history of geography development, the division of "earth hidden" and "square hidden" is of great significance, that is, the former is roughly equivalent to the natural geography in modern geographical terms, and the latter is roughly equivalent to human geography. The mutual cooperation between the officials of duty side and earth training and recitation and training constitutes the general framework system of geography knowledge in ancient times. Geography, the nature of the study of Wang Guan, began to change from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty, but it was not until the Western Jin Dynasty that it was fundamentally changed.
【作者单位】：
【分类号】：K901

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