科学协会与身份认同：1714-1837年英国中产阶级的科学文化

  本文关键词：科学协会与身份认同：1714-1837年英国中产阶级的科学文化，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        乔治王朝时期是英国社会发生巨大变革的一段历史时期。本文试图通过对英国1714-1837年期间科学协会及其活动的分析,讨论中产阶级通过参与科学文化的表达,逐步确立自身价值,实现身份认同,获得进入精英权威世界的机会,在与其他群体的互动中推动社会分层实现的过程。在社会和经济领域,18世纪发生了巨大的变革,一种建立在追求财富基础上的城市复兴展开,人口增长,城市规模扩大,经济发展,各种新兴贸易行业产生,并且引发了人们生活和消费方式的转变。在经济进入新的发展增长阶段的时期,消费成为引领英国经济向前发展的指挥棒。传统贵族精英通过消费、特别是脱离基本生存资料的奢侈品消费实现身份的确认和地位的巩固,这更加推动了奢侈品经济的急速扩张,使得越来越多的人有了通往上层社会的渠道。再加上产生自经济发展状况的文化特质的鼓励,金钱和地位之间的自由转换开始有了实现的可能。在这个过程中,富裕的中产阶级成为最大的受益者,他们获得了向上流动的机会,在贵族身边有了自己的位置,其结果就是社会结构得以重塑,新的更加多样化的精英开始出现。在思想和文化传统中,英国社会一直有着追求科学和理性的成分。在历史上上层统治阶级是此种理想的践行者,一种绅士-学者综合统一体的理想始终存在并对贵族自身和整个社会施加着影响。他们将以自然知识为代表的科学视为普遍文化一部分,正是此种观念成为中产阶级通过仿效从而实现地位提升的渠道。另一方面18世纪英国温和的启蒙文化在思想上促使启蒙和进步等理念成为上中层文化生活的中心,在追求科学和理性的同时将社会控制作为潜台词。在实践层面各种相关自愿团体纷纷出现,以理性的精神进行研究和沟通,形成了一种有助于轻松交流的文化环境。因此社会经济和思想文化都为中产阶级通过参与文化生活提高自身影响力打下了基础。18世纪后期伴随着工业革命在英国各地兴起,中产阶级的科学事业也在蓬勃发展。在传统的研究视角中,英国科学长期以来都被认为推动了工业革命的产生和发展,是经济发展的附带现象,关注重点一直放在它与工业的相互关系上。但通过对当时形形色色以科学协会为主导力量的活动的实证研究可以发现,这些参与者中有很多是地方医生、职员、商人、制造商、律师、技术工匠等等中产阶级成员,他们没有取得被后人铭记的科学成就,却并不是失败的科学家,只是利用本职工作之外的闲暇时光参与科学活动的爱好者,拥有足以谋生的职业,科学对他们来说仅仅是一种有益的兴趣爱好,丰富茶余饭后的生活,结识更多境遇相同的朋友,并且有可能的话,通过展现自身文化理想的方式增强社会影响力。中产阶级参与科学活动的同时,科学文化和理想日渐表现为一种受到社会认同并能够自我巩固的话语形式。在思想观念中,科学开始与轻松优雅的社交过程、备受提倡的自由教育、完整人格的塑造培养等等方面联系在一起加以考虑;在社会生活中,科学仪器与咖啡、烟草等等众多商品一同进入市场,并且成为大受中产阶级欢迎的消费对象。科学已经在18世纪末从一种外在的追求内化成为普通人的一种心理需求。同时,一个阶级的活动必须将其放在整个社会背景中考虑,中产阶级在通过科学这一元素确立自身特有价值的同时也与其他阶级发生着交互作用。一方面,在中产阶级与上层贵族的关系中科学的包容性是两个群体相互连接的渠道。科学在英国社会和英国人心中的形象自始至终在本质上都没有改变,它始终被视为文化的一部分,视为“向有才能的人开放”的一种智力上的追求,这与其他由精英控制的文化形式不同,证明了科学的包容性。科学可以视为英国的思想、社会和文化变革的关键元素。中产阶级通过科学文化上的表达和尝试,特别足科学相关机构的建立和交流,获得进入精英世界的机会,这是社会流动的表现形式之一。另一方面,在中产阶级与下层世界的关系中科学的排斥性体现的更加明显。进入科学世界的大门至相当晚近的时期都对工人阶级关闭,到19世纪初,已经获取文化优势地位的中产者们不仅关注自身的科学追求,同样开始践行大众教育。他们为工人阶级提供带有丰富科学因素的讲座、出版物、教育机构,用多种手段传播科学文化,根本目的并不在于提高工人阶级地位,而是表达自身的文化优势,从而实现确立自身地位和文化权威的目的。本文的目标是从以英国乔治王朝前期经济和思想变革为基础的后期丰富多彩的科学协会及其活动中整理辨析出背后隐藏着的中产阶级文化因素,并将中产阶级的科学活动与社会生活的其他层面、乃至整个社会转型过程联系起来讨论,希望能够成为中产阶级文化研究的新切入点。

    The George Dynasty (1714-1837) was a historical period of great transformation. This paper attempted to discuss a process in which the middle class participated in the scientific and cultural expression, and gradually established their own values as well as identity in order to grab the opportunity to gain access to the elite world of cultural hegemony through a variety of science associations and their activities from the late18th century to the early19th century. In the process of interaction with other groups, the realization of social stratification was promoted.In social and economic fields, the18th century was a period in which great changes had took place. Urban renaissance was developed on the basis of pursuing wealth. The population grew, the cities expanded and the economic developed. New trade forms emerged and caused people to change their ways of life and consumption. In the age when the economy entered a new development stage of growth, consumption had become the baton to lead the English economy forward. Traditional aristocratic elite confirmed their identity and consolidated the status through consumption activities, especially the luxury consumption which exceeds the need of basic survival. The rapid expansion of the luxury economy was facilitated, consequently more and more people acquired access to the upper classes. Coupled with the encouragement of cultural traits resulted from economic development, the goal of switching between money and status freely was likely to achieve. In this process, the affluent middle class became the biggest beneficiary. They had got the opportunities to go upward, and received the position alongside the aristocratic. As a result, the social structures remodeled, new and more diverse elite began to appear.In the ideological and cultural traditions, British society had got a legacy of pursuing science and reason for a long time. As the practitioner of such ideal, upper class encouraged the gentleman-scholar image to exerted influence on themselves and society as a whole. They viewed science which was represented by natural knowledge as part of the general culture. Middle class emulated this ideal in order to enhance their status. Moreover, British impelled the concept of enlightenment and progress to become the center of the cultural life of the upper and middle classes, and achieved social control at the same time. On a practical level, a variety of voluntary groups had been appearing, and studied as well as communicated in the atmosphere of rational. A cultural environment which was conducive to easy exchange formed consequently. Therefore, middle class began to participate in cultural life to improve their own influence. Socio-economy and ideological culture both laid the foundation for them.In the late18th century, along with the industrial revolution, scientific enterprise of middle class was flourishing and spreading over the country. In traditional perspective, British science was long been believed to promote the emergence and development of the industrial revolution, was the accompanying phenomenon of economy. The focus of scholars was its relationship with industry. However, it has been found that quite a few participators were the members of middle class, such as local medical men, clerks, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers and artisans. They had no memorable scientific achievements but were not unsuccessful scientists. For them, science was just a beneficial interest which enriched their lives, made like-minded friends, and enhanced their social status by showing their cultural characteristics if possible.In the meantime, the culture and ideal of science had increasingly become a discourse which was accepted by the whole society and could self-consolidate. In concept, science began to make contact with the easiness and politeness of social conversation, liberal education and shaping of the complete personality. In practice, scientific instruments came into the market just like coffee, tobacco and so on. They became popular among the middle class. Science had transformed from external pursuit to a kind of psychological needs of ordinary people in late18th century.Activities of one class must be considered in the background of the society as a whole. Middle class was always in touch with other groups. On the one hand, the inclusiveness of science was the interconnected channel of middle class and aristocracy. Science has always been regarded as part of the general culture and a kind of intellectual pursuits in which every gifted man could take part. The middle class seized the opportunity to get into the elite world through the expressions and trials in science culture. It could be viewed as one of the forms of social mobility. On the other hand, the exclusiveness of science was deeply reflected in the relations of the middle and lower classes. The door of science had been closed until quite recent times for the working class. The middle class had begun on the enterprise of popular education till the early19th century. Nonetheless, their fundamental purpose was not to improve the working class status but to express their own superiority. The goals of establishing status and cultural hegemony were realized consequently.The aim of this paper is to see through British science associations and its activities in the late George Dynasty, so as to analyze the cultural factors of middle class hidden behind them. Middle class science activities and other aspects of social life, and even the entire process of social transformation should be linked together. A new breakthrough for the study of middle class culture is expected to set up.

科学协会与身份认同：1714-1837年英国中产阶级的科学文化

中文摘要3-6Abstract6-8前言10-21    第一节 选题由来与文章主旨10-15    第二节 国内外研究动态15-21第一章 英国人的科学情结21-38    第一节 乔治王朝的时代背景21-30        一、社会和经济变革：城市复兴和消费革命21-24        二、社会心态的转变：阶级观念的松动和社会流动的可能24-26        三、中产阶级概念界定及特征26-30    第二节 追求知识的文化传统30-38        一、英国贵族的传统理想30-33        二、启蒙运动的塑造作用33-38第二章 走向兴盛的科学活动38-60    第一节 伦敦：传统上层知识文化活动的延续38-48        一、伦敦皇家学会：贵族的阵地38-43        二、中产阶级科学组织：向上的动力43-48    第二节 地方：中产阶级主导与上中层精英联合48-60        一、曼彻斯特48-50        二、伯明翰50-52        三、纽卡斯尔52-55        四、谢菲尔德55-56        五、布里斯托尔56-58        六、其他中小城市58-60第三章 科学话语的实现60-75    第一节 进入社交领域：科学成为社会特征61-67        一、社交与科学活动的联系61-64        二、科学话语的表现形式64-67    第二节 进入消费市场：科学成为身份界定方式67-75        一、科学商品与社会形象67-69        二、科学仪器的演变与成功69-75第四章 科学文化的两面性75-94    第一节 中产阶级与贵族75-85        一、文化优势：中产阶级文化崛起的可能性75-80        二、科学的包容性：中产阶级与贵族的联合80-85    第二节 中产阶级与工人阶级85-94        一、科学普及活动和技工学校运动85-88        二、中产阶级心态与科学的排斥性88-94结语：文化语境下的中产阶级心态与实践94-99参考文献99-108后记108-110

  本文关键词：科学协会与身份认同：1714-1837年英国中产阶级的科学文化，，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。