再论19世纪末20世纪初俄国消费水平和革命的原因

发布时间：2018-06-28 21:44

本文选题：俄国 + 现代化　；参考：《史学月刊》2016年03期

【摘要】：国家铁路货运和客运运输、居民银行储蓄、斯托雷平农业改革土地规划等方面的大量统计资料,充分证明了19世纪下半叶至20世纪初俄国国民经济不断发展,人民消费水平持续提高,维特和斯托雷平改革取得了成功,国家的现代化建设取得了积极成果。俄国史学界的一些传统观点,如"饿着肚子出口粮食"、农民纳税负担沉重等,需要进行重新思考。通过对俄国主要粮食作物收成和出口趋势的比较分析表明,19世纪末20世纪初,俄国主要粮食作物的国内市场需求量大幅增加,国外市场的作用随之逐渐降低,大部分粮食作物的出口量占收成量的份额都有所下降。从19世纪80年代起,俄国农民的纳税负担大大减轻,农民欠缴税款增多并不是他们因赋税沉重丧失支付能力,他们欠缴税款的数量与其承担的税款数额之间并没有直接关系。1861年大改革后俄国人民的福利状况不断改善,不能从人民的"贫困"生活中探究20世纪初俄国爆发革命的原因。
[Abstract]:A large number of statistical data on state railway freight and passenger transport, savings of residents' banks, and land planning for agricultural reform in Stolepin have fully proved the continuous development of the Russian national economy from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The people's consumption level continued to improve, the reform of Victor and Storeping achieved success, and the country's modernization achieved positive results. Some traditional ideas in Russian historiography, such as "exporting grain hungry" and heavy tax burden on farmers, need to be reconsidered. Through the comparative analysis of the harvest and export trends of the main grain crops in Russia, it is shown that at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the demand for the domestic market of the main food crops in Russia increased substantially, and the role of the foreign market gradually decreased. Exports of most food crops have fallen as a share of the crop. Since the 1880s, the Russian peasants' tax burden has been greatly reduced, and the increase in the peasants' tax arrears is not due to their heavy inability to pay the taxes. There was no direct relationship between the amount of taxes they owed and the amount of taxes they paid. The welfare of the Russian people improved continuously after the Great Reformation of 1861, and the causes of the Russian revolution in the early 20th century could not be explored from the "poverty" of the people.
【作者单位】：俄罗斯国立经济大学人文学院历史系;吉林大学东北亚研究院;吉林大学东北亚研究中心;
【分类号】：K512.4

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