传统自由主义的滑铁卢——1870-1930年代的美国印第安人政策评述

发布时间：2018-11-01 16:10

【摘要】：强制同化政策是西部边疆开发殆尽的美国为彻底解决印第安人问题而在19世纪后期开始采用的一种激进战略。它以取消部落主权、拆散保留地、瓦解部落、赋予印第安人公民权并改变其思想认同为手段,试图将印第安人改造为按白人方式生活、融入主流社会的单个美国公民。强制同化政策是否定种族、族群集体权利与不宽容异质文化的美国传统自由主义在印第安人事务中的运用与移植,虽然出台之初,白人社会普遍对之寄予厚望,但因其在道义原则上种族歧视的实质,在工具效应上不能替代民族融合所必需的长期过程,也无法使弱势民族短期内顺利适应主流社会,在实施过程中又赋予支配群体一种不受限制的绝对权力,使其获得权力滥用的途径,鼓励其机会主义行为,所以在实施半个世纪之后惨遭失败而被废止。美国强制同化印第安人战略的目标、措施、困境及结果,虽有其特殊性,但也有普遍性,可以为后来者鉴。
[Abstract]:Forced assimilation is a radical strategy adopted by the United States in the late 19th century in order to solve the Indian problem. By means of abolishing tribal sovereignty, tearing up reservations, disintegrating tribes, empowering Indians to citizenship and changing their ideological identity, it tries to transform Indians into a single American citizen who lives in a white way and integrates into the mainstream society. The mandatory assimilation policy is the application and transplantation of American traditional liberalism in Indian affairs, which denies race, collective right of ethnic group and heterogeneous culture of intolerance, although at the beginning of its introduction, white society generally placed great hopes on it. However, because of the essence of racial discrimination in moral principle, the instrumental effect cannot substitute for the long-term process necessary for the national integration, nor can it make the vulnerable ethnic groups adapt to the mainstream society in the short term. In the process of implementation, the dominant group is given an unlimited absolute power to obtain the way of abuse of power and encourage its opportunistic behavior, so it is abolished after half a century of failure. The goal, measures, difficulties and results of the American strategy of forced assimilation of Indians have their particularities, but they are also universal, which can serve as a reference for later arrivals.
【作者单位】：中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所;
【基金】：中国博士后科学基金第55批面上资助一等资助项目“土著美国人问题与美国族群政治模式研究”(编号:2014M550119)的阶段性成果国家社科基金重点项目“多民族发展中国家政治整合路径选择研究”(编号:13AMZ005)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：K712.5

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