晚清考据学家治学特点研究

发布时间：2018-04-19 02:24

本文选题：晚清 + 考据学家　；参考：《江苏师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：晚清时期,考据学较之前有了新的变化,不仅在地域上有了新的发展,成为一门全国性的学术,而且研究范围也有所扩大,出现了新的研究领域和学术特点。考据学家在治学上也出现了新特点,如果想要研究他们的治学特点就必须要了解考据学的发展渊源,知详晚清考据学与清初考据学以及乾嘉考据学的内在关联。晚清考据学家通过师承和家传的形式继承、发展了乾嘉考据学的研究内容,并在乾嘉考据学家“实事求是”“考据求实”“门户之见”等特点的基础上形成了新的特点。这些治学新特点主要体现在治学主旨、治学方法和治学重点上,这是他们为了应对内外交迫的晚清政局以及西学东渐所做出的调整。在治学主旨上,晚清考据学家重提清初顾炎武的经世致用思想,研究今文经学以指导政治革新,表达和寄托了他们经世致用的思想。庄存与开启了清代研究今文经学的先河,为后来学者援引今文经学从事政治改革做出了铺垫。龚自珍、魏源是发展今文经学的中坚力量。他们提出“以经术为治术”的思想,倡言政治改革,实现为学经世的目的,从而推动了今文经学的发展。康有为将西方进化论、民主、立宪等观点融入今文经学中,并将它直接与政治结合,为戊戌变法提供理论支撑,从而实现了今文经学的蜕变。在治学方法上,晚清考据学家将考据学研究方法同西方的研究方法相结合,形成了科学的考据学研究方法,使得他们的研究成果具有更高的学术和现实价值。与此同时,他们开始重视注重义理的宋学,将其与考据学融合,为学不分门户,实现了学术上的更新。随着列强的不断侵入,晚清考据学家看到了西方的强大,相比之下,中学已经远远无法适用当前社会的发展,于是呼吁向西方学习,会通中西学术,以抵御外侮、自立自强。在治学重点上,晚清考据学家注意到了史学的启示和借鉴的特殊功能,于是将融会中西学术、融合汉宋后的考据学运用到史学的研究中,实现了学术指导社会发展的目的。主要包括两个方面,一方面研究边疆史地,即研究西北、东北等地的山川地貌、地理人文、历史经济等。由于“俄患”的不断加深,考据学家开始重视对中俄边境以及俄国史的研究,为“防俄”“制俄”提供学术借鉴。另一个方面则在于研究域外史地,通过对先进西方文明的研究,来帮助中国了解西方、学习西方。晚清考据学家的治学研究不仅促进了晚清学者经世意识的不断增强,开阔了他们的视野,打破了长期以来的门户之见,还促进了治学方法的近代化以及近代科学文化知识的发展。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, textual research had a new change, not only a new development in the region, but also an expansion of the scope of research, new research fields and academic characteristics.If they want to study their academic characteristics, they must understand the origin of the development of textual research, and understand the internal connection between the late Qing Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, as well as Qianjia textual research.In the late Qing Dynasty, the textual examiners developed the research contents of Qianjia textual criticism by inheriting the form of teacher and family biography, and formed new characteristics on the basis of the characteristics of Qianjia textual examiners "seeking truth from facts", "seeking truth from facts", "seeking truth from facts" and "opinions of every family".These new features are mainly embodied in the purport, methods and emphases of the study, which is the adjustment they made in response to the internal and external political situation of the late Qing Dynasty and the eastward spread of Western learning.On the purpose of academic research, the textual scholars in the late Qing Dynasty put forward Gu Yanwu's practical thought in the early Qing Dynasty, studied the Confucian classics to guide political innovation, and expressed and reposed their practical thoughts.Zhuang Cong and opened the Qing Dynasty to study the Confucian classics of the first, for later scholars to invoke modern literary classics to engage in political reform to pave the way.Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan is the backbone of the development of modern literary classics.They put forward the thought of "using the classics as the rule of art", advocated the political reform, realized the purpose of learning the world, thus promoted the development of the Confucian classics.Kang Youwei integrated the western theories of evolution, democracy and constitutionalism into the Confucian classics and directly combined them with politics to provide theoretical support for the Reform Movement of 1898, thus realizing the metamorphosis of the Confucian classics.In the research method, the late Qing Dynasty examiners combined the textual research method with the western research method, and formed the scientific textual research method, which made their research results have higher academic and practical value.At the same time, they began to pay more attention to the Song School of righteousness, and merged it with the textual study.With the constant invasion of the great powers, the textual examiners of the late Qing Dynasty saw the strength of the West. In contrast, the middle schools were far from suitable for the development of the current society, so they appealed to learn from the West, to learn from the Chinese and Western academicians, to resist foreign aggression and to become self-reliant.In the research emphasis, the late Qing Dynasty textual examiners paid attention to the enlightenment of historiography and the special function of reference, so they integrated the Chinese and Western learning and the post-Han and Song Dynasty textual criticism into the study of historiography, thus realizing the purpose of academic guidance for the development of the society.It mainly includes two aspects: on the one hand, studying the history and land of the frontier, that is, studying the landscape landforms, geography and humanities, historical economy and so on in the northwest and northeast of China.Because of the deepening of "Russian infestation", textual theorists began to attach importance to the study of Sino-Russian border and Russian history, and provided academic reference for "preventing Russia" and "controlling Russia".Another aspect is to study the history and land of the outside world, to help China understand the West and learn from the West through the study of the advanced Western civilization.In the late Qing Dynasty, the research of textual scholars not only promoted the strengthening of scholars' sense of the world, broadened their horizons, and broke the long-held view.It also promoted the modernization of academic methods and the development of modern scientific and cultural knowledge.
【学位授予单位】：江苏师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K092

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