评“人人都是他自己的历史学家”——兼论相对主义的历史阐释

发布时间：2018-09-08 12:28

【摘要】：美国历史学家卡尔·贝克尔的著名口号"人人都是他自己的历史学家",是当代西方史学理论由实证主义转向相对主义的标识性宣言,代表的是绝对的相对主义历史观。贝克尔错误地处理事件与事实、记忆与事实的关系,通过分割客观历史与主体对客观历史的认识而抛弃客观性,认定历史是想象的历史,形成绝对的相对主义理论恶果。历史是事实,不是想象;历史是关于国家、民族以至人类社会发展大势及一般规律的事实与确证,而非碎片化的个人经历和记忆。历史大势由三个方向构成:决定或影响历史进程的事件;人类及民族社会的生存状态;历史发展的一般规律。对历史的实证研究必不可少,但历史研究的根本意义是把握历史大势、发现历史规律,为当下人的行动指明未来。历史的伸张是事实的伸张、规律的伸张。历史的强制阐释背离历史事实,颠覆事实基准,以前置立场和模式,对历史作符合论者前置结论的阐释。汤因比的历史文明体系模式、以既定的场外理论强制粗暴地对历史本体的研究、以文学话语强制历史真实,是强制阐释历史的主要表现。对任何场外理论的应用,都要有限度规约。必须清醒辨析文学性的历史文本和历史性的文学文本。强制阐释的历史不是历史。
[Abstract]:The famous slogan of American historian Carl Becker, "everyone is his own historian", is the symbolic declaration of contemporary western historical theory from positivism to relativism, representing the absolute relativistic view of history. Becker wrongly deals with the relationship between events and facts, memory and facts. By dividing the objective history from the subject's understanding of the objective history and abandoning the objectivity, he determines that history is the history of imagination and forms the evil result of absolute relativism theory. History is the fact, not the imagination; the history is the fact and the confirmation about the development trend and the general law of the country, the nation and the human society, but not the fragmentary personal experience and memory. The general trend of history consists of three directions: the events that determine or affect the course of history, the living state of human and national society, and the general law of historical development. The empirical study of history is indispensable, but the fundamental significance of historical research is to grasp the general trend of history, to discover the law of history, and to point out the future for the action of present man. The expansion of history is the expansion of facts and laws. The compulsory interpretation of history deviates from historical facts, subverts the datum of facts, and interprets history in accordance with the previous conclusion with the preposition and mode. Toynbee's model of historical civilization system, the study of historical Noumenon forcefully with established off-site theory, and the historical truth with literary discourse are the main manifestations of compulsive interpretation of history. There must be a limit to the application of any field theory. The historical text of literature and the historical literary text must be soberly analyzed. The history of compulsory interpretation is not history.
【作者单位】：中国社会科学院;
【分类号】：K091

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