英美在越南战争中的合作与分歧（1964-1967）

发布时间：2018-03-07 23:14

本文选题：英美关系　切入点：越南战争　出处：《南京大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：从第二次世界大战开始,美国便逐步卷入到越南事务之中。作为美国在战后最为重要的盟国的英国,在战时和冷战时期也对越南事务的演变发挥了特定的作用。在约翰逊总统执政时期,美国大规模升级越南战争,使得这场战争很快"美国化"。在升级的过程中,约翰逊政府非常渴望能够得到来自于盟国的支持,特别是英国的支持,以便为美国政府最大程度地消解来自国内外的反战压力。约翰逊政府所期待的支持,在很大程度上体现为寻求英国政府向越南派出作战部队。约翰逊政府为此采取了多次努力,以推动英国出兵。但是英国威尔逊政府对于不断升级中的越战有着不同的认识,威尔逊政府自身也面临着印马对峙、英镑危机等问题,英国国内乃至执政党工党内部意见分立,这些都限制了威尔逊政府向美国提供更进一步的支持。同时,威尔逊政府也希望战争能够尽早实现政治解决,并为此在东西方之间进行了多次斡旋,发起了"英联邦倡议"、"向日葵行动"等重大外交斡旋行动。但是由于英美之间在越战问题上的立场存在着较大的差异,最终两国在战争问题上都未能满足彼此的需求,双边关系也在这一时期开始从"特殊关系"滑落为"自然关系"。本研究旨在借鉴已有研究的基础之上,利用多种第一手资料和其他文献,对英美两国在越南战争上的互动进行梳理,试图找出英美两国在战争问题上对于对方的不同需求,还原英美为了实现各自目标而进行的互动,并解答两国为何没能作出对方期待的行为的原因。并以此为切入点,认识冷战时期美国与同盟国之间的外交关系。本文主要分为三章:第一章将主要回溯英美关系与越南(印度支那)事务的起源。太平洋战争爆发后,英美就战后印度支那的战后出路曾产生过分歧。战后法国重返印度支那以及第一次印度支那战争时期,英美对法国提供了不同程度的支援。在日内瓦会议上,美国支持下的英国成功地同苏联一起在印支问题上实现了东西方之间的妥协。此后,美国在越南南方投入大量人力与资源建立起了一个反共堡垒,英国则予以了大力的支持,并派出顾问团帮助美越实施了"战略村"等项目。在倒吴政变中,英美立场保持了一致。第二章将主要讨论约翰逊政府寻求英国支持的缘起与经过,以及英国不愿意提供美国期待的援助的原因。约翰逊总统执政时期,美国决策层经过长时间的反复思考,最终决定继续保卫南越政权,并开始不断升级战争。在升级的过程中,为了消解来自美国国内外的反战意见,美国亟需来自盟国的支持,为此约翰逊政府发起了"更多旗帜"计划。美国政府最看重的还是享有"特殊关系"美誉的盟国--英国的态度,英美两国政府特别是约翰逊与威尔逊两人,就英国出兵越南等英国支持美国越战政策等的议题进行了长时间的沟通。但是英国威尔逊政府出于自身军事、经济实力和执政党内部反战压力,以及对越战不同认识的考虑,没有提供给美国所期待的支持。最后,随着美国战争政策的进一步升级,英国政府实施了"切割",撤回了对美国的政治支持。第三章将研究英国推动美国实现越战政治解决的行动。威尔逊政府出于消解出兵压力、回应内部反战势力要求、维护自身在东南亚利益等因素的考量,希望战争能够尽早实现政治解决,并且积极游走于东西方之间进行斡旋,希望实现美国和北越之间的和谈。为此,英国先后推动了"英联邦倡议"、"向日葵行动"在内的多次斡旋行动。"英联邦倡议"是威尔逊政府在英联邦会议上推动的,希望以英联邦使团名义出访有关国家首都,在遭到北越拒绝后还一度派出特使访问河内。"向日葵行动"是利用柯西金访英之际,希望同苏联合作以推动和谈进行的一次斡旋行动。但是由于英国无法解决美越之间立场差异巨大的问题,此类斡旋行动最终也归于失败。最后一部分是结语,对这一时期的英美关系与越南战争进行总结。
[Abstract]:From the beginning of the Second World War, the United States has gradually involved in Vietnam affairs. As of the United States the most important allies in wartime Britain, and also on the evolution of the cold war in Vietnam affairs play a specific role. In Johnson's presidency, the United States a major upgrade of the Vietnam War, the war soon "the United States". In the process of upgrading, Johnson government is eager to get the support from the allies, especially Britain's support for the U.S. government to maximize digestion from the domestic and foreign anti war pressure. Johnson government would support, largely embodied for the British government to send combat troops to Johnson. The Vietnamese government adopted many attempts to drive the British troops. But the British government Wilson have different understanding about the escalation of the Vietnam War, Werwilson The government itself is also facing a large confrontation, the sterling crisis and other issues, the domestic and the ruling Labour Party opinion within the division, which limits Werwilson government to provide further support to the United States. At the same time, the government also hopes to Werwilson war as soon as possible the realization of political solution, and therefore between the East and the West in a number of offices launched "the Commonwealth initiative", "sunflower action" and other major diplomatic action. But due to the Vietnam War stance between Britain and the United States there are great differences between the two countries in the final, on the issue of war have not been able to meet each other's needs, bilateral relations have begun to fall from the "special relationship" into a "natural relationship" in the on the basis of referring to the existing period. In this study, using the first hand data and a variety of other documents, the common interaction between the two countries in the Vietnam War on the comb, trying to find out the common The two countries on the issue of war for their different needs, in order to achieve their goal of reducing interaction between Anglo American and the reasons and answers why did not make the other two expected behavior. And as the starting point, understanding the cold war between the United States and allied diplomatic relations. This paper is divided into three chapters: the first chapter the main back of Anglo American relations with Vietnam (Indochina) affairs. The origin of the Pacific War broke out, the way Anglo American postwar Indochina had differences. Postwar France returned to Indochina and the first Indochina war, Britain offers varying degrees of support for France. At the Geneva conference, the United States supported Britain successfully together with the Soviet Union in Indo China realized the compromise between the East and the West. Since then, the United States has invested a lot of manpower and resources in South Vietnam established a Britain is to be a bulwark against communism, strong support, and sent the Advisory Group to help the implementation of the strategy of "village" project. In Wu in Anglo American stance is consistent. The second chapter mainly discusses the origin of the Johnson government for British support and after, and why Britain is not willing to provide us expectations aid. During the Johnson administration, U.S. policy makers after repeated thinking a long time, finally decided to continue to defend the South Vietnamese regime, and began escalating war. In the process of upgrading, in order to eliminate from the domestic and foreign anti war views, the US needs to support from allies, the Johnson government launched a "more flag" the United States government plan. The most valued or enjoy a "special relationship" reputation of the allies, Britain's attitude, the American and British governments especially Johnson and Werwilson two people, is the British to send troops to Vietnam and Britain etc. In support of American war policy issues for long time communication. But the British Wilson government for their own military, economic strength and anti war pressure within the ruling party, in consideration of the different understanding of the Vietnam War to the United States, did not provide the desired support. Finally, with the further escalation of the American war policy, the implementation of the British government "cut" the withdrawal of American political support. The third chapter will study the UK to promote a political solution to the United States to achieve the Vietnam government out of action. Werwilson digestion to respond to internal pressure, anti war forces, to safeguard their own interests in Southeast Asia and other factors considered, hope the war as soon as possible to achieve a political solution, and actively walk to mediate between the East and the west, hope to achieve peace talks between the United States and North Vietnam. Therefore, the UK has promoted the "Commonwealth initiative", "sunflower", many Mediation action. "The Commonwealth initiative" is the Wilson government in the Commonwealth conference, hope in the name of the Commonwealth mission to visit the capital of the country, in the North was also once more refused to send a special envoy to visit Hanoi. The "sunflower action" is the use of Kosygin's visit to Britain as a mediating action to collaborate with the Soviet Union in order to promote peace talks. But because the British position does not solve the problem of huge difference between the United States and Vietnam, such mediation ultimately failed. The last part is the conclusion, the Anglo American relations during this period and the Vietnam War were summarized.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D871.2;D856.1

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