欧盟多层级治理下利益集团对欧盟决策过程的作用分析

发布时间：2018-05-18 18:41

本文选题：多层级治理 + 欧盟利益集团　；参考：《华东师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：利益集团的概念最早起源于美国,这一概念是从“集团”的概念发展而来。利益集团通常是指比较正式的有组织的团体为了达到特殊的政治目的,联合起来旨在影响政策程序的团体,它们对政策的影响和对政治进程的参与度已经引起了广泛的关注。此后关于利益集团的理论经历了“多元主义”、“精英主义”和“后多元主义”的发展。随着美国关于利益集团理论的日趋完善,欧洲学者对这一问题的分析是在借鉴美国利益集团理论的基础上,把它应用于欧洲联盟(注：以下简称为欧盟)的新情况。欧盟既不是联邦国家也不是传统的国际组织而是正在形成中的多层级治理模式,这使得对欧盟层面上利益集团的考察必须突破原有民族国家权力体系的框架,将其活动置于复杂、多层次的欧盟决策体系中进行研究。欧洲出现的利益集团在国家层面、欧盟层面和跨国层面进行竞争和博弈,这是欧盟利益集团的特殊性所在。所以在对欧盟的利益集团进行研究时,必须把它置于多层级治理模式的的背景下和欧盟决策机制的活动中来考察。欧盟利益集团的发展是有其时间和空间维度的,这也是与欧盟机构的改革和欧盟决策机制的发展密不可分的。从20世纪60年代的煤钢共同体——1985年的欧洲单一市场计划(SEM)——1986年的单一欧洲法令(SEA)——1993年的欧盟正式建立,利益集团总是随着欧盟的多层级特点而不断发展变化,它通过建立各层级的组织如建立与超国家机构和民族国家政治行为体直接联系的管道,寻求参与到相关的超国家和跨国家的政策网络,并进入欧盟的决策机制。此外,多层级治理的多层性、分散性、强调文化的、社会的和经济的差异性,这必会为利益集团的未来的发展带来更大的多样性,而且随着欧盟利益集团组织的日益分散和细化,使得更多代表不同利益的组织能有更多的机会和管道进入欧盟的决策体系。贾斯汀·格林伍德(Justin Greewood)根据欧盟的机构设置和特点,把利益集团影响欧盟决策的管道分为欧盟委员会、欧盟理事会、欧洲议会和欧洲法院这四个超国家层面领域；另一个管道是通过成员国政府和本国议会这一“国家管道”影响欧盟政策。由于欧盟决策体制的特殊性,所以利益集团在欧盟层面上要取得成功不仅要借助美国的经验还需要有自己的方法、战略、技巧和原则。文中对商业利益集团和公共利益集团的案例分析就是一个具体表现。本文共分为八章,第一章导论部分主要是分析利益集团、利益代表、市民社会和院外活动的概念以及当前关于欧盟利益集团问题的提出和发展；第二章,是对利益集团的政治理论做一个回顾,以及分析利益集团的类型、活动方式、资本和策略手段,并把利益集团与政党进行比较；第三章,在掌握利益集团概念和理论的基础上,把利益集团置于多层级治理的模式下分析欧盟利益集团和欧盟决策机制的关系；第四章,重点分析欧盟层面上的利益集团的概况、形成、分类、成因及发展趋势,并进而分析欧盟利益集团的战略以及进行成功游说所需的手段、技巧和原则；第五章考察欧盟利益集团进入和影响欧盟决策的管道和路径即通过超国家层面的欧盟机构——欧盟委员会、欧盟理事会、欧洲议会和欧洲法院和国家层面的成员国和议会以及通过媒体和社会运动的方式影响欧盟决策过程；第六章,介绍了随着越来越多的利益集团在欧盟层面的活动,需对欧盟利益集团进行规范化的研究和管理；第七章,以案例的方式分析欧盟利益集团对欧盟决策过程的影响,主要选取了欧洲企业家圆桌会议、欧盟环保利益集团组织和美日外部利益集团组织对欧盟决策的作用；第八章,结论部分提出了利益集团的输入、输出和解决当前“民主赤字”和全民参与的重要性,及对中国提升国家形象和软实力的借鉴意义。随着多层级治理模式的发展和欧盟层面利益集团的增加,关于多层级治理模式下利益集团对欧盟决策过程的作用研究会面临新的问题新情况,但这也会推动欧盟层面的利益集团理论的发展和学科的完善。
[Abstract]:The concept of interest group originated from the United States . This concept is developed from the concept of " Group " . Interest groups generally refer to groups that are more formal and organized in order to reach special political ends , which are combined to influence the development of policy procedures . After that , the theory of interest groups has experienced " pluralism " , " elitism " and " post - pluralism " .

The European Union is neither a federal nor a traditional international organization but is forming a multi - level governance model , which makes it necessary to study the European Union ' s interest group .

The development of European Union interest group has its time and space dimension , which is closely related to the reform of EU institutions and the development of EU decision - making mechanism . The European Single European Act ( SEA ) of 1986 in the European Single Market Plan ( SEA ) of 1986 has been established formally . Interest groups are constantly changing along with the multi - level characteristics of the European Union . It seeks to participate in the relevant hyper - national and cross - country policy networks and to enter the decision - making mechanism of the European Union .

In addition , multi - level governance is multi - layered , decentralized , emphasizes cultural , social and economic differences , which will bring greater diversity to the future development of interest groups , and with the increasingly fragmented and refined EU interest group organizations , more opportunities and pipelines for organizations representing different interests can have more opportunities and pipeline access to the EU ' s decision - making system . Justin Greenwood , according to the EU ' s institutional settings and characteristics , divides the pipeline of interest groups into decision - making in the European Union into four areas of ultra - national level , namely , the European Commission , the European Union Council , the European Parliament and the European Court ;
Another pipeline is the EU policy influenced by the " national pipeline " of the governments of the member countries and the national parliaments . Because of the particularity of the EU policy - making system , the success of interest groups at the European Union level requires not only the experience of the United States but also their own methods , strategies , skills and principles . Case analysis of the groups of commercial interest groups and public interest groups is a concrete manifestation .

This paper is divided into eight chapters , the first introduction is mainly to analyze the concept of interest group , interest representative , civil society and out - of - house activities , as well as the current proposal and development of European Union interest group ;
The second chapter is to review the political theory of interest groups , and analyze the types , activities , capital and tactics of interest groups , and compare interest groups with political parties ;
In the third chapter , on the basis of grasping the concept and theory of interest group , the relationship between European Union interest group and EU decision - making mechanism is analyzed in the mode of multi - level governance .
Chapter four focuses on the analysis of the general situation , formation , classification , genesis and development trend of interest groups at the EU level , and then analyzes the strategy of European Union interest group and the means , skills and principles required for successful lobbying ;
Chapter V examines the EU ' s decision - making process of entering and influencing EU decision - making , that is , the decision - making process of the European Union through the EU institutions of the EU , the European Union Council , the European Parliament and the European Court and the national level , as well as by the media and social movements ;
Chapter 6 introduces the standardization research and management of European Union interest group with more and more interest groups ' activities at the EU level ;
In Chapter 7 , the influence of European Union interest group on EU decision - making process is analyzed in a case - by - case way , and the role of European entrepreneur round table , EU environmental interest group organization and American - Japan external interest group organization on EU decision - making are mainly selected .
Chapter 8 , the conclusion part puts forward the input of interest group , outputs and solves the current " democratic deficit " and the importance of the popular participation , and the reference significance to China ' s promotion of national image and soft power .

With the development of multi - level governance model and the increase of European Union - level interest group , the research of interest group on EU decision - making process under multi - level governance model faces new problems , but it will also promote the development of interest group theory at EU level and the improvement of discipline .
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D814.1

【参考文献】