论联合国集体安全机制的缺陷及完善

发布时间：2018-05-25 15:18

本文选题：联合国 + 国际联盟　；参考：《西南政法大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：联合国集体安全机制是国际社会为了探寻维护自身安全及维持国际秩序的方法而创设的一种保障机制，其目的是通过集体的强制手段保护所有的成员国不受任何侵略和破坏。本文梳理了从国际联盟到联合国集体安全机制的发展演变，在《联合国宪章》项下指出了集体安全机制规定的不足以及由此带来的影响，同时也从机制外分析了集体安全的现实困境，最后，针对出现的问题提出改革和完善建议。本文第一部分主要介绍了集体安全机制的产生背景和定义。在分析了一战结束前的国际格局和各国实现自身安全保障所采取的手段的基础上，认为单个的力量并不足以保障自身安全，只有通过集体的手段才能维护国际和平与安全的思想开始萌芽。关于集体安全的定义，在比较了摩根索，凯尔森和约翰逊等对集体安全的有关学说后，认为集体安全是一种联合战略，即在一组国家组成的联合中协议互不侵犯以及当一个国家受到其他成员国的进攻时采取集体相互保护的措施。第二部分梳理了联合国集体安全机制的历史发展脉络。从国际联盟有关集体安全的理念及其实践到《联合国宪章》关于集体安全的具体规定及其实践，认为由于国际联盟盟约在制止战争的问题上存在漏洞，国联大会和行政院的权力划分不清，而且缺乏强制执行措施，导致国联未能起到维护集体安全的作用，坐视第二次世界大战的爆发。而相较于国联，联合国集体安全保障在立法目的、组织机构和制裁手段方面均更为具体和完善，这就促进了联合国安理会在实践中充分运用集体安全机制并且取得了一系列成效。第三部分从联合国安全机制的固有矛盾和现实困境两个大的方面阐述了该机制存在的问题，认为固有矛盾主要包括和平与侵略的范畴界定不清，，大国一致原则的弱点，联合国运行机制的不完全以及安全机制缺乏有力的制裁工具等。而现实困境方面，主要包括区域组织对联合国安全机制的挑战，国际关系中权力政治的现实制约以及成员国由于传统主权观的影响对该机制缺乏充分的信任。第四部分主要围绕联合国集体安全机制的缺陷提出完善建议，认为可以从限制否决权的范围，采用协商一致原则来完善否决机制，通过建立联合国军完善集体安全制裁机制，对军队的组建、指挥和军费负担提出了建议，此外，通过大国之间联系与交流的加强及建立危机应对机制以完善大国间的协调与制衡，最后，提出应充分发挥区域性国际组织的作用以实现其和联合国集体安全机制共同维护国际和平与安全的目的。
[Abstract]:The United Nations collective security mechanism is a safeguard mechanism created by the international community in order to find ways to maintain its own security and maintain international order. Its purpose is to protect all member States from any aggression and sabotage through collective coercive means. This paper reviews the evolution of the collective security mechanism from the League of Nations to the United Nations, and points out the shortcomings of the collective security mechanism under the Charter of the United Nations and its implications. At the same time, it also analyzes the practical dilemma of collective security from outside the mechanism, and finally, puts forward some suggestions for reform and perfection in view of the existing problems. The first part of this paper mainly introduces the background and definition of collective security mechanism. On the basis of an analysis of the international situation before the end of World War I and the means taken by various countries to achieve their own security, it is considered that individual forces are not sufficient to ensure their own security. The idea that international peace and security can be maintained only through collective means is beginning to sprout. With regard to the definition of collective security, after comparing Morgenthau, Kelsen and Johnson's theories on collective security, we think that collective security is a joint strategy. That is, in a group of countries in a joint agreement non-aggression and when a country under attack by other member States to take collective mutual protection measures. The second part combs the historical development of the United Nations collective security mechanism. From the League of Nations concept and its practice on collective security to the specific provisions of the Charter of the United Nations on collective security and its practice, considering that there are loopholes in the League of Nations covenants in the question of the suppression of war, The unclear division of powers between the Congress of the League of Nations and the Executive Yuan, as well as the lack of enforcement measures, led the League to fail to maintain collective security and to wait for the outbreak of World War II. Compared with the League of Nations, the United Nations collective security guarantees are more specific and perfect in terms of legislative purposes, organization and sanctions. This has promoted the UN Security Council to make full use of the collective security mechanism in practice and achieved a series of results. The third part expounds the existing problems of the United Nations security mechanism from two aspects: the inherent contradiction and the realistic dilemma. The inherent contradiction mainly includes the unclear definition of the categories of peace and aggression, the weakness of the principle of consensus of the great powers. The UN operation mechanism is incomplete and the security mechanism lacks the powerful sanction tool and so on. The realistic dilemma mainly includes the challenge of regional organizations to the United Nations security mechanism, the realistic restriction of power politics in international relations and the lack of trust in the mechanism by member States due to the influence of the traditional concept of sovereignty. The fourth part focuses on the shortcomings of the United Nations collective security mechanism. It holds that the veto mechanism can be improved by using the principle of consensus, and the collective security sanctions mechanism can be improved by the establishment of the United Nations military. Some suggestions are made on the formation, command and military burden of the armed forces. In addition, through the strengthening of contacts and exchanges among the major powers and the establishment of a crisis response mechanism, the coordination and checks and balances among the major powers are improved. Finally, It is suggested that the role of regional international organizations should be brought into full play in order to achieve the goal of joint maintenance of international peace and security between regional international organizations and the United Nations collective security mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D813.2

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