论普什图族在阿富汗国家发展进程中的作用和影响

发布时间：2018-06-03 20:37

本文选题：阿富汗 + 普什图族　；参考：《外交学院》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：阿富汗位于欧亚大陆腹地，地处中亚南部、西亚东部、南亚西北部交叉地带，是古代“丝绸之路”的重要枢纽，近代英军东进、美苏争霸的逐鹿场。阿战略地位十分重要，毗邻东方文明、阿拉伯文明的交汇点和中亚、西亚能源富集区，地缘政治优势得天独厚，使阿富汗成为大国势力延伸和争夺的对象。1747年阿富汗建国以来，阿民族、宗教、派系纷繁复杂，国内外势力相互勾结、利用，导致阿国内局势长期动荡，对中亚及周边国家地缘安全构成负面影响。普什图族是阿富汗的主体民族，普什图部落区是迄今为止世界上现存的最大规模的部落聚集地。部落区的封闭性、独立性造成普什图人继承了部落社会习俗的大部分残余，尚武好战、各自为战的狭隘民族观根深蒂固，成为阿富汗积贫积弱、动荡不休的重要原因。普什图族是近代阿富汗国家的创始者，在国家政治生活中长期占据支配地位，特别是面临外敌入侵，普什图族能够暂时放下恩怨，全力对外。在三次抗英战争、抗苏战争中发挥了先锋作用，充当了“帝国的掘墓人”。然而在重获和平之后，普什图族并没有发挥起应有的主导作用，趁势凝聚合力，建立起强力的中央集权引领国家发展，而是陷入到不同民族、不同派别之间无休止的权力争夺。普什图族的部落至上原则导致了权力中心的碎片化，严重干扰了国家正常发展，为外部势力渗透和干涉提供了机会，，造成了国家内忧与外患交替上升。阿富汗是中国的近邻，阿富汗国内局势的变化，对维护我国西北边疆地区的稳定有着重要影响。随着美西方2014年撤军大限临近，阿富汗面临着新的历史选择和发展机遇。以主体民族为突破口，研究普什图族在近代阿富汗国家发展中的作用，分析主体民族与阿各族各派的关系，不失为破解阿富汗困局的一把钥匙。特别是对研究美西方“后撤军时代”的阿富汗未来国家发展，制定我国与周边国家的相关政策具有重要的现实意义。
[Abstract]:Afghanistan is located in the hinterland of Eurasia, located in the south of Central Asia, the eastern part of West Asia, and the crossing zone of the northwest of South Asia. It is an important hub of the ancient Silk Road. The strategic position of Afghanistan is very important, adjacent to the Eastern civilization, the intersection of Arab civilization and Central Asia, the energy rich region of West Asia, and the unique geopolitical advantages, which make Afghanistan the object of the extension and contention of the great powers. Since the founding of Afghanistan in 1747, The complicated ethnic, religious and factional forces at home and abroad collude with each other and make use of each other, leading to long-term instability in Afghanistan's domestic situation, which has a negative impact on the geopolitical security of Central Asia and its neighboring countries. The Pashtun is the main ethnic group in Afghanistan, and the Pashtun tribal region is the largest existing tribal colony in the world. The closeness and independence of the tribal areas caused the Pashtun to inherit most of the vestiges of tribal social customs. The militancy and belligerence, the narrow national concept of fighting on their own were deeply rooted, which became an important reason for the accumulation of poverty and the instability in Afghanistan. Pashtun was the founder of the modern Afghan state and occupied a dominant position in the political life of the country for a long time, especially in the face of the invasion of foreign enemies, Pashtun can temporarily put aside their grudges and devote all their efforts to external affairs. He played a pioneering role in the three anti-British and anti-Soviet wars and acted as the tomb-digger of the Empire. However, after the restoration of peace, the Pashtun did not play the leading role they should play, and took advantage of the concerted efforts to establish a strong centralization to lead the development of the country, but fell into the endless struggle for power between different ethnic groups and different factions. The principle of tribal supremacy of the Pushtun led to the fragmentation of the power center, seriously interfered with the normal development of the country, provided an opportunity for the infiltration and interference of the external forces, and resulted in the alternating rise of the internal and external troubles of the country. Afghanistan is a close neighbor of China. The change of Afghanistan's internal situation has an important influence on maintaining the stability of the northwest frontier area of our country. Afghanistan faces new historical choices and development opportunities as the US and West pull back in 2014. Taking the main ethnic group as the breakthrough point, this paper studies the role of Pushtun in the development of modern Afghanistan, and analyzes the relationship between the main ethnic group and the various ethnic groups in Afghanistan, which is a key to the solution of Afghanistan's predicament. In particular, it is of great practical significance to study the future development of Afghanistan in the "post-withdrawal era" of the United States and the West, and to formulate the relevant policies of our country and its neighboring countries.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D815.5

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