从冷战时期英美“特殊关系”看英国的外交困境

发布时间：2018-06-04 08:53

本文选题：冷战时期 + 英美　；参考：《重庆师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：第二次世界大战之后，英国国家实力大幅度衰弱，沦为二流大国，而美国则一跃成为世界一流大国。战后的英国仍然将自己视为不同于其他欧洲国家的大国，因此其在外交中仍然试图保持着“日不落帝国”的传统——均势外交。但是英国孱弱的现实不得不迫使其寻求一个强有力的大国作为最重要的盟友，，而和英国有着“特殊关系”的美国自然就成为了英国的目标。英美“特殊关系”始于二战时期，在战后初期得以强化。在很长一段时期内“特殊关系”成为了英国外交的重中之重。美国希望利用英国来牵制苏联及共产主义在欧洲的扩张；英国则希望利用美国的强大实力来维持其在欧洲的强势地位，继续推行其均势政策。但是随着时间的推移和世界格局的变化，英美之间的这种“特殊关系”不但没有使英国重拾“日不落帝国”的光辉，反而使英国的外交陷入了困境当中。二战后，英国的外交基础是丘吉尔提出的“三环外交”，主要包括了美国、欧洲和英联邦三个主要内容，美国则是英国所有外交关系中的基础环节。英国是希望通过“三环外交”重回世界一流大国的行列。但是美国国力的增长和英国国力衰退的事实使得英国狐假虎威的如意算盘开始落空。美国不可能听命于一个二流国家，英国更不可能控制一个已经成为世界第一强国的美国，因而英美“特殊关系”开始偏离了英国的初衷并且出现裂痕；作为英国外交基础国的美国，一旦出现波动整个英国外交关系都出现变化，欧洲各国开始了欧洲一体化的过程，英国对待欧洲一体化的态度非常暧昧，口头上表示支持但行动上却在排斥，这使得英欧关系出现新变化；英国和英联邦的关系也因为英国和美、欧的关系变化而出现波动。本文将从英美“特殊关系”着手，在吸收和借鉴前人研究的基础上，对冷战时期英国所面临的外交困境进行分析。文章分为引言、正文和总结三个部分：引言部分主要是指出问题的研究意义、国内外的研究现状、研究思路和写作方法以及文章的主要内容。正文部分主要有三个部分：第一部分主要是英美“特殊关系”的形成，包括文化上的渊源，二战的特殊背景以及英国外交的传统；第二部分是英美“特殊关系”的强化阶段的表现，包括政治和经济方面；第三部分则是本文的主要部分，即英美“特殊关系”变化以及所产生的英国外交困境。结论部分，对正文进行总结。结合史实和现状对英美“特殊关系”和英国外交进行综合分析，找出二者之间的联系，并对其进行评价。
[Abstract]:After the second World War, Britain fell into second-rate power, and the United States became the world's first-class power. After the war, Britain still regarded itself as a great power different from other European countries, so it still tried to maintain the traditional balance of power in diplomacy. But Britain's weak reality has forced it to seek a powerful power as its most important ally, and the United States, which has a "special relationship" with Britain, has naturally become a British target. The special relationship between Britain and America began during World War II and was strengthened in the early postwar period. For a long time, the special relationship became the top priority of British diplomacy. The United States wants to use Britain to contain the Soviet Union and communist expansion in Europe; Britain wants to use its power to maintain its strong position in Europe and to continue its balance of power policy. However, with the passage of time and the change of the world pattern, the "special relationship" between Britain and the United States has not only failed to restore the glory of the "sun not falling empire", but also caused Britain's diplomacy to fall into a difficult position. After World War II, British diplomacy was based on Churchill's "Three-Ring diplomacy", which mainly included the three main contents of the United States, Europe and the Commonwealth, and the United States was the basic link in all British diplomatic relations. Britain hopes to return to the ranks of the world's first-class powers through three-ring diplomacy. But the growth of American power and the decline of British power are starting to scupper Britain's hopes. The United States could not obey the orders of a second-rate country, and Britain could not control the United States, which had become the world's first power. Therefore, the "special relationship" between the United States and the United States began to deviate from the original intention of the United Kingdom and produce cracks. As the foundation of British diplomacy, the United States, once there were fluctuations in the whole British diplomatic relations, the European countries began the process of European integration, and the British attitude towards European integration was very ambiguous. Voicing support but rejecting action has led to a new change in the relationship between Britain and Europe, and the relationship between Britain and the Commonwealth has fluctuated because of changes in relations between the United Kingdom and the United States and Europe. This article will start from the British and American "special relations", on the basis of absorbing and drawing lessons from the previous studies, to analyze the diplomatic dilemma faced by Britain during the Cold War. The article is divided into three parts: introduction, text and summary: The introduction mainly points out the significance of the research, the current research situation at home and abroad, the research ideas and writing methods, as well as the main contents of the article. There are three main parts in the text: the first part is the formation of the "special relationship" between the United States and the United States, including the cultural origin, the special background of World War II and the tradition of British diplomacy; The second part is the performance of the strengthening stage of the "special relationship" in Britain and America, including the political and economic aspects, and the third part is the main part of this paper, that is, the change of the "special relationship" between the United States and the British diplomatic predicament. The conclusion part, carries on the summary to the body. Combined with historical facts and present situation, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the "special relationship" between Britain and the United States and British diplomacy, finds out the relationship between the two, and evaluates them.
【学位授予单位】：重庆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D856.1

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