冷战后美国对非援助政策的演变

发布时间：2018-06-09 15:22

本文选题：美国 + 对外援助　；参考：《外交学院》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：对非援助是美国外交政策的重要组成,也是其推行国家战略的工具。冷战时期,美国对非援助的政策具有明确的目的,主要集中在政治取向方面。冷战结束后,非洲的战略地位急剧下降,美国开始对援助区域进行调整,在非洲采取了收缩性的援助政策。同时,美国将对非的援助与贸易投资相结合,并进行间接干预,通过扩大对非贸易,实现其政治和安全利益。9·11事件发生后,美国又重新开始重视对非援助,并将其提升到与外交、国防同等的高度,援助成为维护美国安全的重要内容。美国对非洲的官方援助分为多边援助和双边援助。多边援助是指通过国际金融机构及联合国机构实施的非直接援助。具体内容主要包括为非洲设立的援助基金,提供的食品援助、维和援助、安全援助、债务减免以及地区项目等。另一种方式双边援助则主要由美国的相关政府机构或非政府组织通过多种途径来实现。其中,美国国际开发署(USAID)是其首要机构,采取的援助方式包括保护环境、加强受援国基础设施的建设、开发能源、防治艾滋病、培训劳动力技术等。此外,非政府组织形式多样的援助也是政府对非洲援助的重要补充,这一援助同样是直接的。美国对非洲的援助在一定程度上促进了非洲的经济发展,也有利于解决全球问题,但由于美国对非援助政策首先是为其国家战略服务的,所以不可避免地存在局限性。
[Abstract]:Aid to Africa is an important component of American foreign policy and a tool for its national strategy. During the Cold War, American aid policy to Africa had a clear purpose, mainly focused on political orientation. After the end of the Cold War, the strategic status of Africa declined sharply, the United States began to adjust the aid region, and adopted a contractionary aid policy in Africa. At the same time, the United States has combined its aid to Africa with trade and investment, and has indirectly intervened to realize its political and security interests through the expansion of trade to Africa. After the events of 9.11, the United States began to attach new importance to aid to Africa. And raise it to the same level as diplomacy and national defense. Aid has become an important part of the maintenance of American security. U.S. official aid to Africa is divided into multilateral aid and bilateral aid. Multilateral aid refers to indirect assistance through international financial institutions and United Nations agencies. They include aid funds for Africa, food aid, peacekeeping aid, security aid, debt relief and regional programs. Another form of bilateral aid is mainly provided by relevant government agencies or NGOs in the United States. Among them, USAID is the most important organization, which includes protecting the environment, strengthening the infrastructure of the recipient countries, developing energy, fighting AIDS, training the labor force and so on. In addition, the various forms of assistance provided by non-governmental organizations are also an important supplement to government assistance to Africa, which is also direct. To some extent, United States aid to Africa has contributed to Africa's economic development and to the solution of global problems. But because America's aid policy to Africa serves its national strategy first, it inevitably has limitations.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D871.2;F171.2

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