英国二战期间及战后初期处置德国的政策研究（1943-1949）

发布时间：2018-06-13 22:09

本文选题：英国 + 德国　；参考：《首都师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：本文论述了1943年至1949年期间,英国政府如何制定、实施战后处置德国的政策。本文尤其关注英国在二战结束至冷战爆发的期间,如何处理与苏、美、法等主要国家在德国问题上的关系。 1943年下半年战争形势对盟国愈加有利,各国开始考虑制定处置战败德国的政策,英国也开始相关方面政策的研究和讨论。在关于肢解德国问题、战后对德政治和经济改造问题、战后对德军事占领政策等方面,英国与美国、苏联进行了会商,并且就以上问题达成了基本一致。在1945年2月召开的雅尔塔会议和7月份召开波茨坦会议上,英国与苏、美就战后对德国政策进行了商议。在这两次会议上,虽然英、美、苏三国在肢解德国、法国获得在德国的占领区以及加入战后对德管制体系等问题上达成了致,但是在赔款问题和战后德国东部边界的划分问题上,英、苏之间发生了激烈的争吵。这两次会议都达成了战后对德政策的一些决议,但是由于三国存在着根本上的分歧,很多问题被搁置起来,这为之后德国的分裂埋下了隐患。二战结束后对德管制委员会的建立,标志着四大国对德国分区占领的开始。在英占区内,英国占领当局面临着经济问题和粮食危机。同时,英国与美国、法国在对德政策上有很多不一致的地方需要协调；另外,英国与苏联在执行德国赔款协议、加强东西占领区之间的物资和人员流通等问题上存在着严重的矛盾,但是由于二战刚刚结束,英国不想立即在德国问题上与苏联决裂。随着战后东西方冷战的开始,在德国问题上,英国与苏联的矛盾更加激化,英国将苏联看成是对自身乃至整个西方最大的威胁。英国与美国为了实现占领区经济一体化,将两国的占领区合并为双占区。英国不仅对建立双占区态度积极,而且还考虑通过英美法三个西占区的合并来对抗苏联。为了实现西占区的合并,英国在与法国结盟的同时,又与美国一起采用软硬兼施的办法,迫使法国将同意法占区合并进来,并在1948年的伦敦六国会议上达成了西占区的合并协议。英国的这些政策和行动,进一步推动了德国的分裂,并激化了东西方在德国的对抗。 1948年伦敦六国会议后,苏联采取了激烈的反击措施以应对西方分裂德国的行动。苏联政府试图通过封锁柏林的办法来迫使西方延缓建立西德政府,并进而将西方势力赶出柏林。面对苏联的封锁,英国一方面极力避免同苏联发生武装冲突从而引起战争，另一方而对苏采取强硬态度,坚决留守柏林不撤退,并且劝说美、法与自己采取一致态度,保住西方对西柏林的控制。随着美英对西柏林大规模空运的进行,苏联看到了西方保卫西柏林的决心,最终停止了对柏林的封锁。此后,在英美等国的推动下,联邦德国(西德)政府在1949年9月份建立,至此,英国对德政策不再是从处置战败德国的角度出发,而是要把西德建立成为反共、反苏的前沿阵地。
[Abstract]:This paper discusses how the British government formulated and implemented the postwar policy on the disposal of Germany from 1943 to 1949. This article is particularly concerned about how Britain handled its relations with the Soviet Union, the United States, France and other major countries on the German issue during the period between the end of World War II and the outbreak of the Cold War. In the second half of 1943, the war situation became more favorable to the allies. Countries began to consider the policy of dealing with defeated Germany, and Britain began to study and discuss the relevant policies. On the issues of dismemberment of Germany, the political and economic transformation of Germany after the war, and the post-war policy of military occupation of Germany, Britain and the United States and the Soviet Union held talks and reached a basic agreement on the above issues. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945 and the Potsdam Conference in July, Britain and the Soviet Union and the United States deliberated on postwar German policy. At these two meetings, although Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union agreed on the issues of dismemberment of Germany, the acquisition of Germany's occupied territories by France, and joining the post-war system of control over Germany, But there was a bitter dispute between Britain and the Soviet Union over reparations and the postwar demarcation of Germany's eastern border. Both conferences agreed on postwar policy toward Germany, but many of the issues were shelved because of fundamental differences among the three countries, creating a hidden danger for the subsequent division of Germany. The establishment of the Council of Control over Germany after World War II marked the beginning of the partition occupation of Germany by the four great powers. In the British occupation area, the British occupation authorities are facing economic problems and food crisis. At the same time, the United Kingdom and the United States and France have many inconsistencies in their policies towards Germany. In addition, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union are implementing the German indemnity agreement. There are serious contradictions on the issues of strengthening the circulation of goods and people between the East and West occupied areas, but because World War II has just ended, Britain does not want to break away from the Soviet Union on the German issue immediately. With the beginning of the East and West Cold War after the war, the contradiction between Britain and the Soviet Union intensified on the German issue, and Britain regarded the Soviet Union as the greatest threat to itself and the whole West. In order to realize the economic integration of the occupied territories, Britain and the United States merged the occupied territories into double occupation areas. Britain not only took a positive attitude towards the establishment of dual occupation, but also considered the merger of the three western occupation areas of Anglo-American and French to counter the Soviet Union. In order to achieve the annexation of the Western Territories, the United Kingdom, while allied with France, and the United States, adopted a combination of soft and hard methods, forcing France to agree to the merger of the French occupation area. And at the London Conference of six countries in 1948, a merger agreement for the Occupy region was reached. These policies and actions of the United Kingdom further promoted the division of Germany and intensified the confrontation between East and West in Germany. After the London Conference of six in 1948, the Soviet Union took drastic measures to counter the West's actions to split Germany. By blocking Berlin, the Soviet government tried to force the West to delay the establishment of the West German government and drive the West out of Berlin. In the face of the Soviet blockade, Britain, on the one hand, tried to avoid armed conflict with the Soviet Union, thus causing war, and on the other side took a tough attitude towards the Soviet Union, resolutely staying in Berlin and not withdrawing, and persuading the United States that France would adopt a consistent attitude with itself. Keep Western control of West Berlin. The Soviet Union saw the determination of the West to defend West Berlin and ended the blockade as the United States and Britain carried out a massive airlift to West Berlin. Since then, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) government was established in September 1949 under the push of Britain and the United States. So far, the British policy towards Germany is no longer from the point of view of dealing with the defeated Germany, but to establish West Germany as an anti-communist country. A forward position against the Soviet Union.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D856.1

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