福特政府时期美国对苏联的缓和外交研究

发布时间：2018-07-12 18:09

本文选题：福特政府 + 缓和外交　；参考：《南开大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本文旨在利用美国的档案文献来探讨福特政府时期美国对苏联的缓和外交。与其他的总统相比,福特在总统位置上的时间较短,给公众的印象也不足特别的深刻。然而,事实上福特政府制定的各项政策还是对这一时期乃至之后美国的发展产生了重要的影响,这体现在外交政策领域,就是福特政府对美苏关系的处理。战后美苏关系是各自双方对外关系的主线,也是战后国际关系的主线。美苏之间的竞争在冷战期间不同的时期有不同的表现形式,在20世纪60年代末之前,遏制与对抗一直是美苏关系的主流。尼克松上台后,由于一系列国内及国际因素的作用,美苏关系进入了缓和阶段。福特就职后,由于美国自身的实力仍未恢复,以及国内的政治状况等原因,福特政府仍然选择了继承前任的缓和外交政策,以寻求维护国家的稳定以及约束苏联的对外扩张。为此,福特政府在限制战略武器谈判、欧洲安全及中欧裁军谈判等问题上同苏联进行了密切的合作,并取得了积极的成果。然而,由于两国之间的根本性分歧并未消除,美国对苏联的遏制心理以及苏联寻求在全球扩张社会主义势力的根本目标也都没有发生变化,这就使得两国在缓和的同时,仍然无法避免相互间的竞争与对抗,并且随着时间的发展,两国间竞争与对抗的程度逐步增强。这一时期双方围绕限制战略武器谈判问题、贸易关系正常化问题及安哥拉内战等问题所产生的冲突与矛盾表明福特政府时期的缓和外交面临着严峻的考验。1976年是福特任内美苏关系发展的一个转折点,美苏两国的分歧已随着世界局势的发展有了迅速的增加。最终,来自于国内外的压力迫使福特政府放弃了缓和外交。本文认为,福特政府时期是美国对苏缓和外交发生转变的关键过渡期,这一时期的缓和是整个20世纪70年代美苏缓和的一部分,是这一时间美国政府适应国际及国内形势的变化而对外交政策做出的战略调整。虽然福特政府的对苏缓和外交继承自尼克松,但两者又有着不同之处。同时,缓和外交的衰落也足多种因素综合作用的结果。而在其成效方面,虽然从短期来看,缓和外交并未能实现遏制苏联扩张势力的举动,但是从长远来看,这一政策有助于促成苏联最后的转变,并且推动了国际局势的继续缓和,其影响不容忽视与低估。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this article is to use the U.S . file literature to explore the U . S . diplomatic solution to the Soviet Union during the Ford Administration period . Ford ' s time is short in the presidential position compared to other presidents , and the impression of the public is not particularly profound . However , the fact that the policies formulated by the Ford Government have had an important impact on the development of the United States during the period and beyond , which is reflected in the foreign policy field , which is the Ford Government ' s handling of the U.S . Soviet relations .

The U.S . - Soviet relations have been the main line of the relationship between the two sides after the war , and it is the main line of the post - war international relations . The competition between the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union has different manifestations during the Cold War .

However , since the fundamental differences between the two countries have not been eliminated , there has been no change in the U.S . containment mentality against the Soviet Union and the fundamental goal of the Soviet search for the expansion of socialist forces around the world . The conflicts and contradictions between the two countries on the issue of limiting the negotiation of strategic arms , the normalization of trade relations and the civil war in Angola have shown a serious test . In 1976 , the differences between the two countries have increased rapidly with the development of the world situation . At the end , the pressure from home and abroad has forced the Ford Government to abandon its diplomacy .

In the light of the short - term , the relaxation of diplomacy has not achieved the strategic adjustment of the Soviet Union ' s foreign policy . However , in the long run , the easing of diplomacy has not achieved the end of the Soviet Union ' s expansion , but in the long run , this policy has contributed to the eventual transformation of the Soviet Union and has contributed to the continued relaxation of the international situation , which can not be ignored and underestimated .
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D871.2;K712

【参考文献】