南极特别保护区发展现状与影响因素研究
发布时间：2018-11-15 17:16
【摘要】：《南极条约》冻结了各国对南极的领土要求,但却挡不住它们积极参与南极事务的脚步。自1966年以来,南极条约各协商国纷纷在南极大陆设立特别保护区。1991年“马德里议定书”签订后,南极特别保护区进入了一个新的发展阶段。不仅之前建立的各类保护区被统一更名为“南极特别保护区”,保护的内容也从单一的生态环境价值扩大到包括生态环境价值、科研价值、历史价值、美学价值、荒野形态价值等在内的南极环境综合价值体系。(由于到目前为止各国设立的特别保护区都在南极大陆,因此该体系覆盖的范围仅为南极大陆,暂不包括南大洋)。 本文首先客观地分析了南极特别保护区所取得的进步以及存在的主要问题——诸如各国在设立特别保护区方面差距较大、科研活动与环境保护冲突、相关义务的履行得不到保障、非协商国和非缔约国被排斥在南极特别保护区体系之外等。 之所以体系在演化的过程中既取得了一定的进步,又存在上述严重缺陷,是囚为既有促使其不断向前进步的有利因素,又有阻碍这一进程的制约因素。有利因素包括：各项旨在保护南极环境和资源的制度、全球治理的发展、非政府组织的积极参与以及政府间进行的合作。总之,这些因素都极大地促进了南极特别保护区的发展。但同时,也有一些因素产生了相反的作用。例如,部分协商国由于各种原因而未深入参与特别保护区体系、相关制度的缺陷、南极条约体系的封闭性以及科考比环保更受重视等因素都对特别保护区的发展起到了制约的作用。 文章的最后一部分对南极特别保护区的发展、或者说如何逐步消除四项制约因素的影响、从而解决上文提出的主要问题,提出了四点建议：一是缩小各协商国在设立南极特别保护区方面的差距；二是在国际和国内两个层面同时完善南极环境保护相关法律制度；三是向非南极条约成员国开放特别保护区体系,使更多的国家能参与其中；四是坚持科学考察与环境保护相协调,改变环境保护在各国南极活动中的地位。
[Abstract]:The Antarctic Treaty froze all countries' territorial claims to Antarctica, but could not stop them from actively participating in Antarctic affairs. Since 1966, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative countries have established special protected areas on the Antarctic continent in succession. After the signing of the Madrid Protocol in 1991, the Antarctic special protected areas have entered a new stage of development. Not only has the various types of protected areas previously established been renamed as "Antarctic Special Protection areas", but the content of protection has also expanded from a single ecological environmental value to include ecological environmental value, scientific research value, historical value, aesthetic value, The comprehensive value system of Antarctic environment including the value of wilderness form and so on. (since the special protected areas established so far are on the Antarctic continent, the system covers only the Antarctic continent, excluding the Southern Ocean for the time being.) This paper first analyzes objectively the progress made and the main problems existing in the Antarctic Special protected areas, such as the large gap between countries in the establishment of special protected areas, the conflict between scientific research activities and environmental protection, The implementation of related obligations is not guaranteed, and non-consultative and non-contracting parties are excluded from the Antarctic special protected area system. The reason why the system has made some progress in the process of evolution, but also has the serious defects mentioned above, is not only a favorable factor to promote its continuous progress, but also a restrictive factor that hinders this process. Positive factors include systems designed to protect the Antarctic environment and resources, the development of global governance, the active participation of non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental cooperation. All in all, these factors have greatly contributed to the development of the Antarctic Special Reserve. But at the same time, there are a number of factors that have the opposite effect. For example, some of the countries consulted had not been deeply involved in the system of specially protected areas for a variety of reasons, and the system was flawed, The closeness of the Antarctic Treaty system and the fact that scientific research is more important than environmental protection has restricted the development of special protected areas. The last part of the article is about the development of the Antarctic Special Reserve, or how to gradually eliminate the impact of the four constraints, thus solving the major problems raised above. Four suggestions were put forward: first, to narrow the gap between the consultative countries in the establishment of Antarctic special protected areas; The second is to improve the legal system of Antarctic environmental protection at the international and domestic levels at the same time, and the third is to open the special protected area system to non-Antarctic treaty members so that more countries can participate in it. Fourth, we should coordinate scientific investigation with environmental protection and change the position of environmental protection in the Antarctic activities of various countries.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D815
本文编号：2333936
[Abstract]:The Antarctic Treaty froze all countries' territorial claims to Antarctica, but could not stop them from actively participating in Antarctic affairs. Since 1966, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative countries have established special protected areas on the Antarctic continent in succession. After the signing of the Madrid Protocol in 1991, the Antarctic special protected areas have entered a new stage of development. Not only has the various types of protected areas previously established been renamed as "Antarctic Special Protection areas", but the content of protection has also expanded from a single ecological environmental value to include ecological environmental value, scientific research value, historical value, aesthetic value, The comprehensive value system of Antarctic environment including the value of wilderness form and so on. (since the special protected areas established so far are on the Antarctic continent, the system covers only the Antarctic continent, excluding the Southern Ocean for the time being.) This paper first analyzes objectively the progress made and the main problems existing in the Antarctic Special protected areas, such as the large gap between countries in the establishment of special protected areas, the conflict between scientific research activities and environmental protection, The implementation of related obligations is not guaranteed, and non-consultative and non-contracting parties are excluded from the Antarctic special protected area system. The reason why the system has made some progress in the process of evolution, but also has the serious defects mentioned above, is not only a favorable factor to promote its continuous progress, but also a restrictive factor that hinders this process. Positive factors include systems designed to protect the Antarctic environment and resources, the development of global governance, the active participation of non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental cooperation. All in all, these factors have greatly contributed to the development of the Antarctic Special Reserve. But at the same time, there are a number of factors that have the opposite effect. For example, some of the countries consulted had not been deeply involved in the system of specially protected areas for a variety of reasons, and the system was flawed, The closeness of the Antarctic Treaty system and the fact that scientific research is more important than environmental protection has restricted the development of special protected areas. The last part of the article is about the development of the Antarctic Special Reserve, or how to gradually eliminate the impact of the four constraints, thus solving the major problems raised above. Four suggestions were put forward: first, to narrow the gap between the consultative countries in the establishment of Antarctic special protected areas; The second is to improve the legal system of Antarctic environmental protection at the international and domestic levels at the same time, and the third is to open the special protected area system to non-Antarctic treaty members so that more countries can participate in it. Fourth, we should coordinate scientific investigation with environmental protection and change the position of environmental protection in the Antarctic activities of various countries.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D815
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