澳大利亚对华政策与承认问题（1970-1972）

发布时间：2018-11-27 13:02

【摘要】：自新中国成立后,是否承认这个新政权成为澳大利亚在对华政策中需要考虑的一个主要问题。本文主要考察澳大利亚在承认中国问题上的政策演变过程,重点探讨澳大利亚在麦克马洪时期和惠特拉姆时期的对华政策,中澳围绕承认问题推行谈判的详细过程以及效果。新中国成立前后,以奇夫利为首的工党在对待共产党政权的态度也经历了一个从有意承认到因条件不成熟而将承认搁置一边的变化过程。而后随着东西两大阵营在冷战中紧张态势日趋激烈,以及朝鲜战争和越南战争的爆发,中澳关系走向互相敌视。到麦克马洪执政后期,澳大利亚虽然启动了与中国的谈判,但没有迹象表明这种谈判会取得任何实质性的进展。首先,澳大利亚当局采取只谈互利事务、避开建交问题的方式,遭到中国的拒绝；然后,澳大利亚推出“简单承认”方案,一直以两个声音在讲话,一是声明有意与中国谈判两国建交事项,一是强调澳政府不会“抛弃台湾”,希望台湾享有独立的权力。对于澳大利亚的主张,中国不能接受。 1972年12月,以惠特拉姆为首的工党上台后,随即展开中澳建交谈判。在谈判前,澳大利亚做了一系列的准备和政策评估。中澳在举行建交谈判时,主要围绕两个方面内容：建交公报的内容和台湾方面具体问题的处理。建交公报内容主要涉及唯一合法政府、台湾地位、建立使馆等问题,其中台湾地位问题是核心问题。对于台湾地位问题,澳大利亚首先提出采用加拿大模式,遭到中国的拒绝；转而仿照美国的方式,中国仍然给予否决；最后采取了英国模式。关于台湾方面具体问题的处理主要包括馆舍问题、银行问题和在台湾设立贸易处的问题。经过四轮建交谈判后,中澳双方才得以达成一致,最终实现双边关系正常化。通过对澳大利亚在承认中国问题上的政策演变过程深入探讨,我们可以发现对澳大利亚承认中国的过程是复杂的,在对华政策上受到政治及外交战略、美国因素和台湾因素的影响,这也体现了澳大利亚对外政策的矛盾性。最后,随着国际局势的变化,中澳贸易对澳大利亚重要性的增强,以及中国国际地位的提高,澳大利亚承认中国已是大势所趋。澳中建交不仅符合两国的共同利益,也是澳大利亚追求独立外交的一种体现,只是这种独立是有限度的。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of New China, the recognition of the new regime has become a major issue in Australia's China policy. This paper focuses on the evolution of Australia's policy on the recognition of China, focusing on Australia's China policy during the McMahon and Whitlam periods, and the detailed process and effect of the negotiation on the issue of recognition between China and Australia. Before and after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the Labour Party, led by Chivri, experienced a process of change in its attitude towards the Communist regime, from intentional recognition to unfavourable conditions. Then, with the tense situation between East and West camps in the Cold War and the outbreak of Korean War and Vietnam War, Sino-Australian relations became hostile to each other. By the end of McMahon's administration, Australia had initiated talks with China, but there was no indication that any substantial progress would be made. First of all, the Australian authorities only talk about mutually beneficial affairs and avoid the issue of diplomatic relations, which has been rejected by China. Australia then launched the "simple recognition" program, which has been speaking with two voices. One is to state its intention to negotiate diplomatic relations with China, and the other is to stress that the Australian government will not "abandon Taiwan" and hope that Taiwan will enjoy the power of independence. China cannot accept Australia's claim. In December 1972, the Labor Party, led by Whitlam, took office and began negotiations on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Australia. Prior to the negotiations, Australia made a series of preparations and policy reviews. When China and Australia hold talks on the establishment of diplomatic relations, they mainly focus on two aspects: the contents of the communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations and the handling of specific issues on the Taiwan side. The contents of the communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations mainly concern the sole legitimate government, the status of Taiwan and the establishment of embassies, among which the issue of Taiwan's status is the core issue. On the issue of Taiwan's status, Australia first proposed to adopt the Canadian model, which was rejected by China; instead, China still vetoed the model of the United States; finally, it adopted the British model. The handling of Taiwan's specific issues mainly includes the issue of premises, banking and the establishment of a trade office in Taiwan. After four rounds of negotiations on the establishment of diplomatic relations, the two sides reached an agreement and finally realized the normalization of bilateral relations. Through an in-depth discussion of the evolution of Australia's policy on the issue of recognizing China, we can find that the process of recognizing China for Australia is complex and is subject to political and diplomatic strategies in its China policy. The influence of American factor and Taiwan factor also reflects the contradiction of Australia's foreign policy. Finally, with the changes in the international situation, the importance of Sino-Australian trade to Australia and the enhancement of China's international status, Australia recognizes that China has become a general trend. The establishment of diplomatic relations between Australia and China is not only in the common interests of the two countries, but also a manifestation of Australia's diplomatic pursuit of independence, but this independence is limited.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D861.1;K611.54

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