奥巴马对小布什“以信仰为基础的倡议”之继承与发展

发布时间：2019-03-07 15:21

【摘要】： 在美国,宗教组织和政府在提供社会服务方面长期以来建立了密切而广泛的合作关系。联邦、州和地方政府从提供社会福利的主导角色逐渐淡出,越来越多地依靠社区草根组织,应对艰巨的社会问题。宗教组织能深入了解和接触社区大众,尤其是底层人民的生存状态,开展社会事工时往往更加得心应手。整合宗教组织这股常驻力量及其优势,用于更好地发展社区,对政府来讲是一举多得之计。鼓励宗教组织参与政府资助的社会公益项目在美国联邦政府长期得到两党支持。小布什(George W.Bush)任期八年间,在全国推行“以信仰为基础的倡议”,建立了白宫信仰与社区倡议办公室,卓有成效地把这一倡议在联邦、州及地方层面大力推进。“以信仰对基础的倡议”成为小布什总统任期的一大标志。他的继任者巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)在竞选期间明确表示将继续支持宗教和社区组织与政府合作,上任后完整地保留了小布什期间创立的“信仰办公室”体系,但也不乏创新之举,除象征性地更换了原来白宫信仰办公室的名称,划定要着手解决的主要议题领域外,还新设立了一个25人组成的咨询委员会。本文以白宫信仰办公室为着眼点,通过梳理小布什为推动“以信仰为基础的倡议”作出的政策努力和取得的重大进展,对比奥巴马出台的相关政策与战略方针,旨在总结奥巴马对小布什这一意义重大但颇具争议的政策的继承与创新性发展。本文分为以下几个部分：第一章从宗教非政府组织的理论框架下阐述“以信仰为基础的组织”其内涵与分类,特点与优势以及与政府合作时的互动关系；第二章回顾小布什“以信仰为基础的倡议”的出台背景、执行情况、立法努力和引起的主要争议；第三章总结了奥巴马政府对小布什信仰倡议的继承与批判、政策调整与创新；第四章探讨了共和党和民主党两届总统都支持信仰倡议的基本共识、奥巴马与小布什的信仰倡议政策对比。第五章是简要结语。本文认为奥巴马继承小布什信仰倡议表现出的务实灵活、多听少说的态度,与他在国际社会倡导多边主义、淡化意识形态的实用主义等理念一脉相承。美国政府鼓励信仰与社区组织参与公共福利事业的出发点是解决社会问题的现实需要,利用宗教非政府组织得天独厚的优势与社会资源,双方各取所需,并形成优势互补,最终目标是实现社会公益最大化。奥巴马继承小布什的信仰倡议事业,也巧妙地延续了竞选期间“拥抱宗教”的路线。奥巴马设立咨询委员会,邀请众多极富影响力的宗教领袖和世俗精英担任顾问,比小布什倚重于宗教保守派的做法更加含蓄、高明,使这一倡议的政治动机更具有隐蔽性。
[Abstract]:In the United States, religious organizations and governments have long established close and extensive cooperation in the provision of social services. Federal, state and local governments have faded away from the dominant role of providing social welfare, increasingly relying on community grass-roots organizations to deal with difficult social problems. Religious organizations can deeply understand and contact the living conditions of the general public, especially the people at the bottom of the community, and they tend to be more comfortable in carrying out social affairs. Integrating the resident forces and strengths of religious organizations for better development of communities is a great deal for the government. Encouraging religious organizations to participate in government-funded social welfare programs has long been bipartisan in the federal government. During his eight-year tenure, George W.Bush launched the "faith-based initiative" across the country, established the White House Office of Faith and Community Initiative, and effectively advanced the initiative at the federal, state and local levels. Faith-to-faith initiatives became a hallmark of President Bush's presidency. His successor, Barack Obama (Barack Obama), made it clear during the campaign that he would continue to support religious and community-based organizations working with the government, and fully retained the "Office of Faith" system created by George W. Bush when he took office. But there is no lack of innovation, in addition to symbolically changing the name of the original White House Office of Faith and delineating the main issues to be addressed, a new 25-member advisory committee has been set up. This paper focuses on the White House Office of Faith, and compares the relevant policies and strategic guidelines issued by Obama by combing Bush's policy efforts and major progress made to promote the "faith-based initiative". The aim is to summarize Obama's inheritance and innovative development of Bush's significant but controversial policy. This paper is divided into the following parts: the first chapter expounds the connotation and classification, characteristics and advantages of faith-based organization from the theoretical framework of religious non-governmental organizations, as well as the interactive relationship between faith-based organization and government cooperation; The second chapter reviews the background, implementation, legislative efforts and main disputes of Bush's "belief-based Initiative". The third chapter summarizes the Obama administration's inheritance and criticism, policy adjustment and innovation of Bush's faith-based initiative. The fourth chapter discusses the basic consensus that both Republican and Democratic presidents support the faith initiative, and Obama and George W. Bush's faith initiative policy comparison. The fifth chapter is a brief conclusion. This paper argues that Obama inherits the pragmatic and flexible attitude of Bush's belief initiative, which is similar to his ideas of advocating multilateralism and weakening the pragmatism of ideology in the international community. The starting point for the United States Government to encourage faith and community-based organizations to participate in public welfare is the realistic need to solve social problems. Taking advantage of the unique advantages and social resources of religious non-governmental organizations, both sides take what they need and form complementary advantages. The ultimate goal is to maximize social welfare. Obama inherited Bush's faith initiative and tactfully continued the campaign's embrace of religion. Mr Obama's advisory committee, which invites a large number of influential religious leaders and secular elites to serve as advisers, is more implicit and subtle than Bush's reliance on religious conservatives, making the initiative more politically motivated.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D871.2

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