走向深蓝—中国海权发展问题研究

发布时间：2019-06-12 02:12

【摘要】：海洋自古以来便是人类活动的重要场所，其重要的交通与安全价值向为西方国家所看重。海洋文明发展史昭示了海权在大国兴衰进程中的地位与作用，而随着海洋自身资源能源价值被发现，海洋更成为国际重大政治、经济、军事领域的利益所在，各国围绕海权的竞争愈发激烈。早在古希腊时期，修昔底德便首次提出了海权概念及其重要性，19世纪末，美国海洋战略专家阿尔弗雷德·塞耶·马汉第一次提出了完整的海权理论，其“海权论三部曲”被誉为海权思想的巅峰之作，成为西方海权观的鼻祖。20世纪70年代，苏联海军总司令谢·格·戈尔什科夫提出了“国家海上威力论”，实质是对马汉海权论的社会主义修正，为苏联制定海军战略和国家海洋战略提供了理论支撑。相对而言，中国的海权观起步较晚，直至鸦片战争后才开始有海防塞防之争这种被动的本能反应。第一次尝试提出中国海权思想的是孙中山先生，其观点虽然并没有形成一套理论体系，但它突破了传统的中体西用、以防为主的消极被动的海权建设理念，在当时的时代背景下极具先进性与前瞻性，然而由于其时政治经济社会现状而并不具备可行性。随着改革开放的深入发展，海外贸易的巨额利润与海洋本身的巨大潜力深深吸引了国人的目光，对经济利益的渴求自然推动着政治焦点的转移与海军力量的建设，而海权理论与海洋战略的缺失便成为了横亘在中国走向深蓝之路上的巨大障碍。以此为背景，20世纪90年代，中国学者关于中国海权的讨论逐渐兴起。虽然百家争鸣未有定论，但在构建具有中国特色的海权理论这一点上已达成共识，即中国海权发展不能照搬西方，其理论建设与战略设计均需符合中国国情。据此，本文引用北京大学国际关系学院叶自成教授的相关观点对中国海权的概念进行了定义与阐释，将中国海权定性为以维护国家利益为目标的有限海权。从地缘政治现状、和平发展需要和综合国力发展三方面综合考量，中国目前陆稳海危，海洋国土、交通、资源与安全四方面利益全面受损，海上军事力量发展滞后，中国的海权建设远远落后于周边国家，已成为中国崛起进程中的桎梏，重视和发展中国海权已是迫在眉睫。中国海权发展不能一蹴而就，应分阶段循序渐进。以统一台湾为战略节点，中国海权发展战略可规划为两个阶段，即前期的建设有限海权与后期的南进西移。现阶段的中国海权发展重心应放在谋求西太平洋地区性海权上，而综合国力建设则是贯穿中国海权发展整体进程的核心要旨。为此，当前中国应在提高民族海洋意识、审慎和适度建设海上军事力量、优先和着重发展海洋经济和海洋科技、充分重视和灵活运用海洋软权力等方面积极推进，以期为中国海权发展打造坚实的国内基础和良性的国际环境，推动中国海权建设朝着中国和平发展的大方向稳步迈进。
[Abstract]:The ocean has been an important place for human activities since ancient times, and its important traffic and safety values are valued by western countries. The development history of marine civilization shows the position and role of sea power in the process of rise and fall of great powers. With the discovery of the energy value of marine resources and resources, the ocean has become the interests of the international political, economic and military fields, and the competition around maritime power is becoming more and more fierce. As early as ancient Greece, Thucydides put forward the concept of sea power and its importance for the first time. At the end of the 19th century, American marine strategic expert Alfred Seyermahan first put forward the complete theory of sea power. His "trilogy of sea power theory" was regarded as the pinnacle of sea power thought and became the ancestor of western maritime power view in the 1970s. Sieger Gorshkov, commander-in-chief of the Soviet Navy, put forward the Theory of National Maritime Power, which is essentially a socialist amendment to Mahan Sea's theory of power, which provides theoretical support for the Soviet Union to formulate naval strategy and national marine strategy. Relatively speaking, China's view of maritime power started relatively late, and it was not until after the Opium War that it began to have the passive instinctive reaction of coastal defense and defense. It was Mr. Sun Zhongshan who tried to put forward China's maritime power thought for the first time. Although his viewpoint did not form a set of theoretical system, it broke through the traditional concept of negative and passive maritime power construction, which was mainly used in the west and in defense, and was very advanced and forward-looking under the background of the times. However, it was not feasible because of the current situation of politics, economy and society at that time. With the further development of reform and opening up, the huge profits of overseas trade and the great potential of the ocean itself have attracted the attention of the Chinese people. The thirst for economic interests naturally promotes the transfer of political focus and the construction of naval power, and the lack of maritime power theory and marine strategy has become a huge obstacle on the road to deep blue in China. Against this background, in the 1990 s, the discussion on China's maritime power rose gradually by Chinese scholars. Although a hundred schools of thought have not reached a conclusion, it has reached a consensus on the construction of maritime power theory with Chinese characteristics, that is, China's maritime power development can not copy the West, and its theoretical construction and strategic design should be in line with China's national conditions. Based on this, this paper defines and explains the concept of China's maritime power by quoting the relevant viewpoints of Professor Ye Zicheng, School of International Relations, Peking University, and defines China's maritime power as a limited maritime right with the goal of safeguarding national interests. Considering the present geopolitical situation, the need for peaceful development and the development of comprehensive national strength, China's interests in four aspects: land stability, marine land, transportation, resources and security are comprehensively damaged, the development of maritime military forces lags behind, and China's maritime power construction lags far behind that of neighboring countries. It has become a shackle in the process of China's rise, and it is urgent to attach importance to and develop China's maritime power. China's maritime power development can not be achieved overnight, should be phased step by step. Taking the reunification of Taiwan as the strategic node, China's maritime power development strategy can be planned for two stages, that is, the construction of limited maritime power in the early stage and the southward and westward shift in the later stage. At present, the development of China's maritime rights should focus on the pursuit of regional maritime rights in the western Pacific, and the construction of comprehensive national strength is the core tenet that runs through the overall process of China's maritime rights development. Therefore, at present, China should actively promote the improvement of national marine awareness, prudently and moderately build maritime military forces, give priority to and focus on the development of marine economy and marine science and technology, and fully attach importance to and flexibly use marine soft power, so as to create a solid domestic foundation and a benign international environment for China's maritime power development, and promote China's maritime power construction to move steadily in the general direction of China's peaceful development.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D820;P7

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