文化哲学视野中的文化概念——兼论西方马克思主义的文化批判理论

发布时间：2018-03-10 03:17

本文选题：文化　切入点：文明　出处：《南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学)》2017年01期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：广义文化的内容非常广泛,指与人相关的一切行为与结果,是与自然相对应的概念。在这个意义上,只有与自然相对比,才能理解文化的意义。狭义的文化概念,即与经济、政治相对应的文化概念,这个意义上的文化概念与人的思想意识相关。从思想观念的意义上来讨论文化,可以把文化划分为以下三个层次:一是沉淀在人心灵深处的文化模式,这种模式更多的是体现了人们的自发观念。这些自发的观念包括风俗习惯、面对外部世界的刺激而产生的自发心理意识以及无意识选择、自发的情感与意志力等,它们形成一种文化结构,形成了一个相对封闭的系统,并扩展到整个民族的生活,形成个人与集体的惯性行为系统。二是日常生活层面的文化观念。从文化的趣味来区分,可以把日常生活层面的文化分为大众文化与精英文化。法兰克福学派的文化批判理论对此进行了深入的分析,认为大众文化的形成与发展和消费社会的兴起直接相关,大众文化以及与之相关的文化工业体现了资本的内在要求,造成了社会的同质性。文化的第三个层面,即文化的形而上层面、人类的理想层面,它为人的存在及其历史提供最终的根据。在历史的演进中,正是文化的这一部分沉淀为人们的集体无意识,并对人们的日常行为产生直接的影响。在这个层面,文化的指向是如何让人得到真正的解放,从而实现人的潜能、实现社会的和谐。
[Abstract]:The broad sense of culture is very broad, referring to all the behaviors and results related to human beings, which are the concepts corresponding to nature. In this sense, the meaning of culture can only be understood by comparing it with nature. The concept of culture in the sense of politics is related to people's ideology. To discuss culture in the sense of ideology can be divided into the following three levels: first, the cultural model is precipitated in the depths of the human mind. This pattern is more a reflection of people's ideas of spontaneity, including customs and habits, spontaneous psychological consciousness arising from the stimulation of the outside world, and unconscious choices, spontaneous emotions and willpower, etc. They form a kind of cultural structure, form a relatively closed system, and extend to the life of the whole nation, and form the inertial behavior system of individual and collective. The culture of daily life can be divided into popular culture and elite culture. The Frankfurt School's theory of cultural criticism makes a deep analysis of this, and holds that the formation of mass culture is directly related to the development of mass culture and the rise of consumer society. The mass culture and its related cultural industry embody the inherent requirements of capital, resulting in the homogeneity of society. The third level of culture, that is, the metaphysical level of culture, the ideal level of human beings. It provides the ultimate basis for the existence of human beings and their history. In the evolution of history, it is this part of culture that precipitates into the collective unconscious of people and has a direct impact on people's daily behavior. The direction of culture is how to emancipate people and realize their potential and social harmony.
【作者单位】：北京大学哲学系;
【基金】：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(国外马克思主义哲学重大基础理论问题研究) 国家社会科学基金重点项目(16AZX002)
【分类号】：G02

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