唯物史观视域下的霍克海默文化批判理论研究

发布时间：2018-12-16 22:38

【摘要】：欧洲现代文化批判的领军人物霍克海默将文化批判理论作为推动社会进步的革命性武器,力求挽救文化危机与主体理性失衡,为达到社会公平正义、人类自由解放的社会理想而不懈努力。基于此,在当代研究霍克海默文化批判理论有利于主体理性持衡和社会精神文明的持续发展。论文第一部分揭示了霍克海默文化批判理论力求靠近马克思唯物史观所作出的努力,即对马克思唯物史观继承之后所体现出有别于学院派的世界观与方法论。论文第二部分主要阐述文化批判理论的思想逻辑。首先,霍克海默文化批判理论是以抨击启蒙运动为开端,叙述了文化批判理论的内核,即工具理性的形成过程及危害。由于启蒙运动在复归主体理性的同时遗落了客观理性,转而将以科学万能论为基础的实证主义作为主体与客体是否具有价值的评判标准,也就是说主体仍旧没有走出绝对权威的牢笼,启蒙运动仅仅是将主体从一个绝对权威抛向另一个至上权威的过程,从而工具理性坐上了资本主义意识形态的头把交椅,这意味着资本主义社会的全方位异化,并在此基础之上呈现出历史性的文明危机。其次,文化批判理论将工具理性的表现形式即文化工业作为自己的内容展开,例如文化工业如何将大众文化从娱乐民众的形式转变为操控民众的手段?民众被文化操控后又有怎样的现实反应?据此霍克海默清晰还原了后工业时代资本主义的社会文化真相。最后,文化批评理论的逻辑终点是为恢复“文化生机”指明方向,即打破实证主义牢笼与树立主体否定性思维,使主体在生产实践过程中能够获得真正的自由与解放。论文第三部分在详细叙述霍克海默文化批判理论过后,作为马克思主义的继承者,我们十分有必要立足于马克思主义唯物史观对霍克海默文化批判理论予以整体性的审视。所以此部分以坚持马克思主义唯物史观的重要性为开端,剖析霍克海默文化批判理论在力求复归真正意义上马克思主义的同时,对资本主义意识形态批判做出了哪些重要贡献。进而指出,在靠近马克思主义唯物史观的同时,由于霍克海默文化批判理论最终与资本主义意识形态的斗争止步于理论层面,而没有在现实生活中提供任何实践性的方案,而大大削弱了它的方法论意义。但我们并不能因此就将霍克海默文化批判理论完全置于马克思主义唯物史观视域之外,而应对其作全面反思并加以归纳总结,以期对马克思主义如何应对文化工业的意识形态属性有一些启示性思考。
[Abstract]:Horkheimer, the leader of European modern cultural criticism, regards the theory of cultural criticism as a revolutionary weapon to promote social progress, and tries to save the cultural crisis and the imbalance of subjective reason, in order to achieve social fairness and justice. Unremitting efforts have been made in the social ideal of human freedom and liberation. Therefore, the study of Horkheimer's theory of cultural criticism is conducive to the sustainable development of social and spiritual civilization. The first part of the thesis reveals the efforts made by Horkheimer's critical theory of culture to approach Marx's historical materialism, that is, the world outlook and methodology which are different from those of academicians after inheriting Marx's historical materialism. The second part of the thesis mainly expounds the ideological logic of cultural criticism theory. First of all, Horkheimer's theory of cultural criticism begins with criticizing the Enlightenment Movement, and narrates the core of the theory of cultural criticism, that is, the formation process and harm of instrumental rationality. Since the Enlightenment reinstated the subjective rationality and left the objective rationality, the positivism based on the omnipotence of science was regarded as the criterion of whether the subject and the object had value. That is to say, the subject is still not out of the cage of absolute authority, and the Enlightenment is just a process of throwing the subject from one absolute authority to another supreme authority, and thus the instrumental rationality takes the top position of capitalist ideology. This means the alienation of capitalist society in all directions and presents a historical civilization crisis on this basis. Secondly, the theory of cultural criticism takes the form of instrumental rationality as its own content. For example, how does the cultural industry change popular culture from the form of entertainment to the means of manipulating the public? What is the real reaction of the people after being manipulated by culture? Thus Horkheimer clearly restored the social and cultural truth of post-industrial capitalism. Finally, the logical end point of the theory of cultural criticism is to point out the direction for restoring the "cultural vitality", that is, to break the cage of positivism and establish the negative thinking of the subject, so that the subject can obtain real freedom and liberation in the process of production practice. In the third part, after describing Horkheimer's theory of cultural criticism in detail, as the successor of Marxism, it is necessary for us to examine Horkheimer's theory of cultural criticism as a whole based on Marxist historical materialism. Therefore, this part begins with the importance of adhering to Marxist historical materialism, and analyzes what important contributions Horkheimer's cultural criticism theory has made to the criticism of capitalist ideology while striving to return to Marxism in the true sense. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, while approaching the Marxist historical materialism, Horkheimer's cultural criticism theory finally stops at the theoretical level in the struggle with capitalist ideology, and does not provide any practical scheme in real life. And greatly weakened its methodological significance. However, we should not put Horkheimer's critical theory of culture out of the scope of Marxist historical materialism, but should reflect on it and sum it up. With a view to Marxism how to deal with the ideological attributes of cultural industry has some enlightening thinking.
【学位授予单位】：中共吉林省委党校
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G02

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