英国对1971年南亚危机的反应和政策

发布时间：2018-01-29 09:49

本文关键词： 1971 英国南亚危机　出处：《华东师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：1971年南亚危机是冷战转型时期的一次重要的地区性危机。此次危机不仅造就了南亚次大陆的新型政治格局,同时也是美苏两国在冷战格局下的又一次精彩角逐。战后,在以美苏对峙为基本特征的东西方关系中,英国已经无可挽回地成为一个“中等强国”,其在世界外交中的活动天地和国际地位与19世纪相比更是不可同日而语。不过即便如此,战后英国外交仍具特色,主要表现为“审时度势”,在被动中争取尽可能多的主动,且从不放弃任何表现主动性的机会。具有重要战略、经济意义的南亚次大陆历来是英国的重点关注地区,南亚的稳定与否与英国的海外利益紧密相连,1971年的南亚危机自然引起了英国的高度重视。本文正是从这一角度入手,以英国对1971年南亚危机的反应和政策为研究重点,意图分析在国际冷战格局下,作为中等强国的英国是怎样利用其老练的外交手段,谨慎处理其与美苏两个超级大国尤其是与美国的微妙关系,并在最大程度上继续维持其在第三世界的利益与影响。本文认为,现实主义与国家利益是英国对外政策的根本准则。尽管英国在南亚危机中的角色及地位略显尴尬,但其依然在危机进程中努力地表现出积极主动性,并坚定了自己的政策变化,即“由危机初期的中立不干涉最终转变为危机升级后对印度的偏袒”,这是由其现实主义的外交政策决定的。文章主体部分共有三章。第一章主要是对1971年南亚危机的整体概述。其内容包括危机爆发的背景——巴基斯坦内部矛盾与印巴矛盾,危机经过——东巴危机至印巴危机,以及危机的影响——巴基斯坦的肢解与印度的胜利。此外,主要大国即美苏中在此次危机中的态度(美中支持巴基斯坦,苏联偏袒印度)也是本章的内容之一。第二章主要讲述了英国在危机初期的考虑与政策。这一章首先分析了英国在危机初期的考虑因素,即战后英国对南亚政治影响的有限性与其在印巴经济利益的继续诉求。第二部分主要介绍英国政府对危机的关注与重视,包括英国驻南亚当地机构在危机初期的报告与英国主要决策部门的政策商讨。第三部分是对英国在危机初期不干涉政策实施的具体阐述。第三章的核心内容是论述英国在危机升级后的政策变化。其中亦分为两个部分。一是具体讲述英国在危机升级后的政策变化,主要表现为对巴基斯坦的谴责与援助终止以及对印度的逐步偏袒。随后即是对英国政策变化原因的详细分析,包括英国国内对东巴暴力的舆论压力、英国对印巴重要性的权衡与对危机发展趋势的考虑及其对70年代初英美、英苏关系的考虑。文章最后对1971年英国南亚危机政策进行梳理和总结,并得出结论：不论是英国政府在危机初期的“不干涉”政策,还是其在危机升级后的“偏袒”印度政策,都是以英国的国家利益为基准的。此外,结语部分还概述了英国政策对其与南亚次大陆国家以及美苏关系发展的影响。
[Abstract]:The 1971 Asian crisis is an important area of the cold war crisis during the period of transformation. The crisis not only created a new political landscape in the South Asian subcontinent, but also the United States and the Soviet Union in the cold war pattern of another wonderful competition. After the war, in the East West relations with the us Soviet confrontation as the basic characteristics, the UK has no save to become a "middle power", the world and the international status is compared with nineteenth Century cannot be mention in the same breath in world diplomacy. But even so, the postwar British diplomacy is still unique, mainly for the "situation", for as much as possible in the active passive, and never give up any active performance the opportunity has important strategic and economic significance of the subcontinent has always been the focus area of the United Kingdom, South Asia and the stability of the British overseas interests are closely linked, South Asia in 1971 The crisis naturally attracted the attention of the UK. Starting from this point of view, in the United Kingdom in 1971 the South Asia crisis response and policy as the research focus, intention analysis in the international cold war, as the British middle power is how to use its sophisticated diplomatic means, and careful handling the two super powers especially the delicate relationship with the United States, and continue to maintain its interests and influence in the third world to the maximum extent. This paper argues that realism and national interests is the fundamental principle of British foreign policy. Although the crisis in South Asia in the role and status of a bit awkward, but it is still in the process of trying to show the crisis positive initiative and strengthen its policy change, namely "the crisis of the early neutral interference is finally transformed into favour" on India after the escalation of the crisis, this is the realistic outside The policy is decided.
The main body of this paper consists of three chapters. The first chapter is an overview of the whole South Asia crisis in 1971. Its content includes the background of the outbreak of the crisis, Pakistan's internal contradictions and conflict between India and Pakistan, after the crisis, the Dongba crisis to the India Pakistan crisis, as well as the impact of the crisis, the victory of Pakistan dismemberment and India. In addition, the major powers in that attitude the crisis in the United States and the Soviet Union (the United States in support of Pakistan, the Soviet Union favored India) is one of the contents of this chapter.
The second chapter is mainly about the British policy and considerations in the early days of the crisis. This chapter first analyzes the factors in Britain in the early days of the crisis are considered, namely limited impact on postwar British South Asian political and economic interests in the India Pakistan continue to appeal. The second part mainly introduces the concern and attention of the British government to the crisis, including the report of the British Embassy in South Asia local authorities in the early days of the crisis with Britain's main decision-making departments to discuss policy. The third part is to elaborate the British in the early days of the crisis did not interfere with the implementation of the policy.
The core content of the third chapter is the discussion of British policy after the escalation of the crisis. Which can be divided into two parts. One is specific about Britain after the escalation of the crisis policy changes, mainly for the condemnation and aid to Pakistan termination and gradually favoritism to India. Then there is a detailed analysis of British policy changes the British public opinion on the domestic pressure Dongba violence, the British balance on India and Pakistan and the importance of considering the development trend and the common crisis at the beginning of 70s, the Anglo Soviet relations into account.
At the end of this paper, and summarizes the 1971 British South Asian crisis policy, and draw the conclusion: whether the British government in the early days of the crisis of "non intervention" policy, or the escalation of the crisis after the "biased" India policy is based on the British national interest as a benchmark. Besides, the part also gives an overview of influence the British policy on the subcontinent and the US Soviet relations development.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D856.1;K561.5;K35

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