宗教改革与英国的死亡观念及其体现

发布时间：2018-02-02 14:52

本文关键词： 宗教改革近代英国死亡观念　出处：《曲阜师范大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在中世纪基督教的信仰体系中,死亡占据重要的位置。由死亡衍生出一套完整的理论观念及其实践机制,其中,“原罪”、救赎与永生是其重要内容。到12世纪,死亡的观念及其实践进一步发展变化,主要表现为炼狱信仰的传播和将灵魂从炼狱中早日拯救出来的实践。作为肉体死后至末日审判前灵魂遭受磨难的地方,炼狱加剧了人们对于死亡的恐惧心理,为了缩短灵魂在炼狱里的时间,各种救赎灵魂的实践获得进一步发展,主要有举行亡灵弥撒、进行慈善捐赠、埋葬在神圣场所及购买赎罪券等。16世纪,宗教改革在西欧爆发,出于各种现实与宗教利益的考虑,以国王为首的英国宗教改革者通过立法的形式对死亡问题做出了一系列新的规定,主要体现为摒弃炼狱信仰、禁止兜售赎罪券、坚持《圣经》至上、取消夜间守灵和安魂弥撒等。由于国家对这些规定的强制推行,大批附属于教堂的小礼拜堂被强制没收,赎罪券也得到了禁止,官方立场在新教狂热分子和天主教徒之间确实产生了一定影响,但不可否认的是占全国人口绝大多数的普通人,他们的思想还是趋向保守的。在这种情况下,即便是在受新教影响较深的英格兰南部和东部地区,天主教传统依然强有力地影响着人们的日常生活。新教世界,无论是城市还是农村,都没有发生与传统更为深刻的决裂。诚然,英国社会集体意识确实经历了与两个世纪以来建构的复杂而规范的用以解决死者和活人相互交流的体系的崩溃局面,但是,需要指出的是这些丧葬实践和信仰上的变革绝大程度上也并非宗教改革运动的推动,究其实质是社会世俗化及个人主义力量增长作用的结果。权贵阶层建议或确立的死的新模式在社会中并未实现真正地推广,人们并未以驯服的姿态表达集体的回应,官方话语让位于强烈的社会习俗。同时,宗教改革过程中,新教除旧的努力不仅未能达成其预期的效果,反而为完全世俗的想法进入丧葬礼仪的内部铺平了道路,宗教改革对英国社会层面带来的变革并未像传统印象中那般深刻。本文以宗教改革时期英国的死亡观及其实践为研究对象,旨在揭示宗教改革问题上一直以来存在的误解与认识偏差,并从这种微观历史研究的视角出发,对已有的相关问题进行可能的修正。
[Abstract]:In the Christian belief system of the Middle Ages, death occupies an important position. A complete set of theoretical concepts and practical mechanisms are derived from death, among which, "original sin". Redemption and immortality are important contents. By 12th century, the concept of death and its practice have further developed and changed. As a place where the soul suffered after the death of the body until the end of the trial, purgatory intensified people's fear of death. In order to shorten the time of soul in purgatory, the practice of various salvation souls has been further developed, including the holding of mass of the dead, charitable donation, burial in sacred places and purchase of atonement coupons and so on. The religious reform broke out in Western Europe. In consideration of various realities and religious interests, the British religious reformers headed by the King made a series of new regulations on death by way of legislation. It is mainly embodied in the abandonment of purgatory belief, the prohibition of selling atonement coupons, the adherence to the supremacy of the Bible, the abolition of nighttime wakes and mass, etc. As a result of the compulsory implementation of these regulations by the state. A large number of chapel attached to the church were forcibly confiscated, and the atonement certificates were banned, and the official position did have an impact between Protestant fanatics and Catholics. But it is undeniable that ordinary people, who make up the vast majority of the population, tend to be conservative. In this case, even in the more Protestant south and east of England. Catholicism still exerts a strong influence on people's daily lives. There is no more profound break with tradition in the Protestant world, both in urban and rural areas. The collective consciousness of the British community did experience the collapse of a complex and normative system of communication between the dead and the living, which had been constructed over the past two centuries, but. It should be pointed out that most of the changes in funeral practices and beliefs are not promoted by the religious reform movement. The essence of it is the result of the growth of social secularization and individualism. The new mode of death suggested or established by the elite has not been really popularized in society. The collective response was not expressed in a tame manner, and official discourse gave way to strong social customs. At the same time, in the process of religious reform, Protestant efforts not only failed to achieve the desired results. Instead, it paves the way for completely secular ideas to enter the interior of funeral rites. The changes brought by religious reform to the British society are not as profound as the traditional impressions. This paper focuses on the concept of death and its practice in Britain during the period of religious reform. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the misunderstandings and cognitive biases in religious reform, and to correct the existing problems from the perspective of microcosmic historical research.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K561.3;B979

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