君士坦丁堡城市管理研究
发布时间：2019-05-27 05:11
【摘要】：拜占庭帝国是罗马帝国的延续，它不仅在地域上保持着罗马帝国时期的东部领土，而且进一步发展了罗马帝国的法律制度，建立了完善的行政管理制度。君士坦丁堡作为拜占庭帝国的首都，其不仅是国家的政治中心，而且是重要的经济中心。本文拟对君士坦丁堡城市管理进行研究，分析君士坦丁堡城市管理的规范与制度，探讨在传统社会国家权力对城市这一公共空间管理的干预程度，及其对城市发展的影响。全文共由四部分构成，即君士坦丁堡的城市建设、官办工厂的管理、私人工商业的管理和城市公共服务管理四个方面的内容。 第一章主要论述了君士坦丁堡的布局和公共基础设施建设。罗马帝国后期，为加强对帝国东部的管理，缓解蛮族对帝国的威胁，君士坦丁大帝决定在巴尔干半岛东部的拜占庭建立新的都城，此即为君士坦丁堡。新都的建设完全仿造罗马城的城市布局，并兴建了城市公共基础设施，如供水系统、浴场、广场及港口等等。从整体上看，君士坦丁堡的基础建设主要集中在6世纪之前。6世纪后，在外族入侵和自然灾害的双重打击下，拜占庭帝国势力逐渐衰微，君士坦丁堡的公共基础建设几近停滞与荒废。8至10世纪，，帝国在军事、财政等方面进行了改革，国力得以恢复和发展。在此情况下，君士坦丁堡的公共基础设施才逐渐得到整修。然而，随着十字军东征的到来，拜占庭帝国的衰落的命运最终无法逆转，直至1453年君士坦丁堡陷落之前，其基础设施再也无法修复。君士坦丁堡基础设施建设与整修的过程在一定程度上反映了拜占庭帝国势力的消长。实质上，市政机构与帝国政府共同参与了君士坦丁堡的公共基础设施建设。 第二章则具体阐述了拜占庭帝国政府对君士坦丁堡官办工厂的管理。三世纪危机以后，罗马帝国的社会经济趋于崩溃，工商业急剧衰落，手工业者大量失业，民生凋敝。为了恢复工商业生产秩序，戴克里先（Diocletianus，284-305）当政之后，就开始实行城市经济的二元政策。即一方面加强对私人工商业的管理，另一方面在某些领域内采取国家垄断措施。国家垄断的实质是指对于关系国家命脉的工商业，禁止私人经营，由帝国政府直接垄断经营，即官办工厂。395年罗马帝国分裂之后，东罗马帝国继续实行戴克里先的经济政策。 拜占庭帝国官办工厂主要包括钱币制造工厂、军械制造工厂以及丝绸生产工厂，这些工厂关系到国家财政收入、国家安全以及皇室贵族的奢侈品需求。随着帝国疆域的缩小，帝国内的官办工厂主要集中于君士坦丁堡，这使得帝国政府能够更为便捷、有效地管理帝国的官办工厂。 官办工厂的原料由国家出面购买，其生产者由国家统一招募管理，其生产过程由国家委派专门的官员进行监管，其产品全部流向军队与官僚贵族集团以满足帝国的军事与政治需要，从未流向民间社会。从其生产过程来看，这些官办工厂是封闭的政治性生产机构，不是真正意义上的社会生产组织，而是帝国统治体系的组成部分。因此，这就决定了其形成、发展与演变是与帝国的国势紧密相连的，从其演变进程则能够窥见帝国的强弱嬗变。帝国兴盛之时，官办工厂也能够得到很好地发展，而且国家对它们的控制与管理也非常严格，完全排斥私人开办生产同类产品的作坊。帝国处于动乱或危机时期，官办工厂也相应地会出现衰退的境况，私人作坊就有了生存与成长的空间，这在一定程度上能够促进社会生产的进步。然而，处于动荡与危机之下的私人作坊又很难具备持续发展的条件，这就是在帝国政府与其控制的官办工厂夹缝之中，私人作坊生存与发展面临的两难境地。整体而言，官办工厂是帝国中央集权的一种体现，国家对官办工厂的垄断经营，在一定程度上保证了帝国的财政稳定与军械供应，但这种模式不利于推动社会生产的进步，很大程度上遏制了民间社会的生机与活力。因此，拜占庭帝国官办工厂这种看起来刚性的生产结构实质上很脆弱，因为其存在的基础是源于帝国的全面掌控，缺乏内在的生命力，即无法实现持续再生产的机制。不仅如此，官办工厂的长期而刚性的存在也扼杀了民间生产的活力，这也是拜占庭帝国与西欧在中世纪晚期的发展中出现巨大分野的根源之一。 第三章主要论述了君士坦丁堡对私人工商业的管理。君士坦丁堡的私人工商业包括本地工商业和对外贸易。专制集权下，拜占庭帝国政府对君士坦丁堡私人工商业进行管理的初衷只是为了满足皇室、官僚贵族的需要，以及保证君士坦丁堡居民的生活物资供应，而不是为了更好地发展君士坦丁堡的私人工商业。因此，一方面帝国政府对私人工商业进行强制性管理，另一方面，随着私人工商业的不断发展，帝国政府为了获得更多财政收入也主动调整其管理政策和手段，让私人工商业创造更多财富。整体而言，拜占庭帝国早期和中期是帝国政府对私人工商业的主动管理和调整，后期私人工商业的自由运行是帝国政府无力管制的结果。 帝国早期和中期对私人工商业的强制管理能够在动乱时期为私人工商业的发展创造一个稳定的社会环境，但这种政府强制性管理也遏制了工商业自由发展的活力和动力，使得君士坦丁堡的私人工商业市场始终受到控制，商业机会受到很大限制，工商业者这一社会阶层无法得以发展壮大，更无法成长为一种自由的社会经济力量，拜占庭帝国也无法通过工商业经济获得持久的国家财政收入。后期虽然私人工商业能够自由发展，但衰落的帝国已无法为私人工商业的发展提供一个安定的环境，同时周围其他国家的工商业经济逐渐成长起来并进入君士坦丁堡，拜占庭帝国的私人工商业已无法同其他国家的工商业进行竞争。 第四章论述了城市服务管理。君士坦丁堡的公共服务事业包括医疗、救助等慈善活动、公共教育事业、城市治安管理以及对外防御。在基督教和帝国政治的影响下，皇帝、君士坦丁堡市政机构、基督教会及修道院成为参与君士坦丁堡公共服务的主体。慈善救助方面，拜占庭帝国皇帝、官僚贵族及神职人员一方面对君士坦丁堡的老弱病残进行直接救助，另一方面，皇帝、市政机构、基督教会及修道院建立系统的慈善机构，救助贫困民众。这些慈善机构共同构成一个综合的慈善系统，担负起了对城市的服务与管理。教育方面，以皇帝为核心的帝国政府负责为君士坦丁堡的公共教育提供财政资助，建立公共学校，教会和修道院负责公共学校的教育活动，君士坦丁堡市政机构负责对其进行监督和管理，帝国政府、教会和修道院以及市政机构公共参与君士坦丁堡的公共教育事业。治安与防御方面，坚固的城墙、宫廷卫队、市政官控制下的城市武装力量以及城外地区军队共同组成一个牢固而复杂的城市安全防御系统，使得君士坦丁堡在一千年的历史中能够抵挡蛮族人的屡次侵袭，保证了君士坦丁堡的安全与稳固。
[Abstract]:The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire, which not only kept the eastern part of the Roman Empire in the region, but further developed the legal system of the Roman Empire, and established the perfect administrative management system. Constantinople, as the capital of the Byzantine Empire, is not only the political center of the country, but also an important economic center. This paper is to study the city management of Constantinople, to analyze the standard and system of the city management of Constantinople, and to explore the degree of intervention in the public space management of the city by the state power of the traditional society and its influence on the development of the city. The full text is composed of four parts, namely, the city construction of the Constantinople, the management of the office plant, the management of the private business and the management of the public business and the management of the urban public service. The first chapter mainly discusses the layout of Constantinople and the construction of public infrastructure. In the later stage of the Roman Empire, in order to strengthen the management of the eastern part of the Empire and to alleviate the threat of the barbarian to the Empire, the Great Emperor of Constantine decided to set up a new capital city in the Byzantine in the eastern part of the Balkans, which is the Constantine. The new construction is a complete imitation of the city's urban layout and the construction of a public infrastructure, such as a water supply system, a bath, a square and a port. On the whole, the basic construction of Constantinople was mainly concentrated in the 6th century. After the sixth century, under the double blow of the foreign invasion and the natural disaster, the power of the Byzantine Empire gradually declined, and the public foundation of the Constantinople was almost dead and abandoned. The Empire, in terms of military, financial and other aspects, has been reformed and the Republic of Korea has been able to recover and send it. In this case, the public infrastructure of Constantinople is gradually rounded up However, with the arrival of the crusade, the fate of the Byzantine Empire could not be reversed until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, and its infrastructure could no longer be repaired The process of the construction and renovation of the infrastructure of the Constantinople reflects the elimination of the power of the Byzantine Empire to a certain extent. In essence, the municipal government and the Imperial Government have been involved in the construction of the public infrastructure of the Constantinople. The second chapter specifies the government of Byzantine Empire to the office of Constantinople. After the crisis of the third century, the social and economic collapse of the Roman Empire, the rapid decline of business and commerce, the large number of unemployment among the industrial and the people, the people In order to restore the business and business order, Diocletianus,284-305), after the government, began to implement the two-day urban economy. A policy of strengthening the management of private business and business, on the one hand, on the one hand, and on the other, taking national ridging in certain areas The essence of the state monopoly refers to the industry and commerce in relation to the lifeblood of the state, and the private operation is prohibited, which is directly monopolized by the imperial government, that is, the office factory. After the division of the Roman Empire in the 395 years, the Eastern Roman Empire continues to carry out the passage of the first pass of the Deakry. The Imperial Office of the Byzantine Empire mainly includes a coin manufacturing plant, a military manufacturing plant and a silk production plant, which are related to the state's fiscal revenue, national security, and the royal family The demand for luxury goods. With the shrinking of the empire, the imperial office in the empire is mainly concentrated in Constantinople, which makes the Imperial Government more convenient and efficient to manage the empire. The government office factory. The raw material of the office factory is purchased by the state, its producer is managed by the state unified recruitment, its production process is regulated by the state-appointed special official, its products flow to the army and the bureaucratic aristocrat group to meet the military and political needs of the empires, from Not to the civil society. From its production process, these official factories are closed political production institutions, not the real social production organization, but the imperial rule. As a result, this determines that its formation, development and evolution are closely linked to the state of the Empire, and the process of its evolution can be seen. The empire was strong and strong. When the empire was flourishing, the office plant was well developed, and the state's control and management were very strict and completely exclusive of private start-up production. The workshop of similar products. The empire is in the period of turmoil or crisis, and the office plant will also have a recession. The private workshop has the space to survive and grow, which can be promoted to a certain extent. The progress of social production. However, it is difficult for private workshops under the turbulence and the crisis to have the conditions of sustainable development, which is the existence and development of private workshops in the gap between the Imperial Government and the government offices controlled by the Imperial Government. On the whole, the office factory is a reflection of the centralized power of the Empire, and the state's monopoly on the government's factories has guaranteed the financial stability of the Empire and the supply of the military equipment to some extent, but this mode is not conducive to the promotion The progress of social production, to a great extent, curbs the society As a result, the manufacturing structure of the Byzantine Empire, which appears to be rigid, is very fragile because it is based on the overall control of the Empire and the lack of internal vitality, that is, it is not possible to achieve it. Moreover, the long-term and rigid existence of the office of the office also stifles the vitality of the folk production, which is also a great development of the Byzantine Empire and Western Europe in the late Middle Ages. The third chapter mainly deals with Constantinople. The management of private industry and commerce. The private industry and commerce of Constantinople include the present The original intention of the Byzantine Empire to manage the private industry and commerce of Constantinople was to meet the needs of the royal and bureaucratic nobles and to guarantee the supply of the life and materials of the residents of Constantinople, not for the better development of the monarch. Private business in Tantinburg. As a result, on the one hand, the Imperial Government has a mandatory management of private business and business. On the other hand, with the constant development of private business and commerce, the Imperial Government, in order to obtain more financial revenue, also actively adjusts its management policies and means to make it private In general, that early and medium term of the Byzantine Empire was the government's active management and adjustment of private business and business, and the free operation of private business in the late period was an empire. The result of the government's inability to control. The forced management of private industry and commerce in the early and mid-term of the empire can create a stable social environment for the development of private industry and commerce in the period of turmoil, but the government's mandatory management also curbs the business The dynamic and dynamic of the free development of the industry makes the private industry and commerce market of the Constantinople all the time controlled, the business opportunities are greatly restricted, the social class of the industrial and commercial people can't grow and grow, A free social and economic force, and the Byzantine Empire cannot pass the business and commerce economy. With the free development of private industry and commerce, the decline of the Empire has not been able to provide a stable environment for the development of private industry and commerce, while the business and commerce of other countries around the world are gradually becoming The private business of the Byzantine Empire has not been able to grow up and enter the Constantinople. The business of his country is in competition. The fourth chapter discusses the management of city service. The public service of Constantinople includes such charitable activities as medical and rescue, and public education. Under the influence of Christianity and the imperial politics, the emperor, the Constantinople's municipal institution, the Christian Association and the Monastery become the reference. The main body of the public service of Constantinople. In the aspect of charity, the emperor of Byzantine Empire, the bureaucratic nobleman and the clergy, on the one hand, directly aid the old and weak sick and disabled of the Constantinople, and on the other hand, the emperor, the municipal institution, the Christian Association and the monastery have established the system. The charity, the aid of the poor, together form a comprehensive charitable system, It takes on the service and management of the city. In the aspect of education, the imperial government, which is the core of the emperor, is responsible for providing financial support for the public education of the Constantinople, and establishing public schools, churches and monasteries to be responsible for the education activities of the public schools, and the municipal institutions of the Constantinople are responsible for the It is supervised and managed, and the Imperial Government, the Church and the Monastery and the municipal institutions public. With respect to the public education of Constantinople, the security and defense aspects, the strong wall, the palace guard, the city armed forces under the control of the municipal official and the armed forces outside the city form a solid and complex urban security defense system, so that Constantinople is in a thousand years' history Can resist the repeated attack and the protection of the barbarians.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F299.2;K134
本文编号：2485920
[Abstract]:The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire, which not only kept the eastern part of the Roman Empire in the region, but further developed the legal system of the Roman Empire, and established the perfect administrative management system. Constantinople, as the capital of the Byzantine Empire, is not only the political center of the country, but also an important economic center. This paper is to study the city management of Constantinople, to analyze the standard and system of the city management of Constantinople, and to explore the degree of intervention in the public space management of the city by the state power of the traditional society and its influence on the development of the city. The full text is composed of four parts, namely, the city construction of the Constantinople, the management of the office plant, the management of the private business and the management of the public business and the management of the urban public service. The first chapter mainly discusses the layout of Constantinople and the construction of public infrastructure. In the later stage of the Roman Empire, in order to strengthen the management of the eastern part of the Empire and to alleviate the threat of the barbarian to the Empire, the Great Emperor of Constantine decided to set up a new capital city in the Byzantine in the eastern part of the Balkans, which is the Constantine. The new construction is a complete imitation of the city's urban layout and the construction of a public infrastructure, such as a water supply system, a bath, a square and a port. On the whole, the basic construction of Constantinople was mainly concentrated in the 6th century. After the sixth century, under the double blow of the foreign invasion and the natural disaster, the power of the Byzantine Empire gradually declined, and the public foundation of the Constantinople was almost dead and abandoned. The Empire, in terms of military, financial and other aspects, has been reformed and the Republic of Korea has been able to recover and send it. In this case, the public infrastructure of Constantinople is gradually rounded up However, with the arrival of the crusade, the fate of the Byzantine Empire could not be reversed until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, and its infrastructure could no longer be repaired The process of the construction and renovation of the infrastructure of the Constantinople reflects the elimination of the power of the Byzantine Empire to a certain extent. In essence, the municipal government and the Imperial Government have been involved in the construction of the public infrastructure of the Constantinople. The second chapter specifies the government of Byzantine Empire to the office of Constantinople. After the crisis of the third century, the social and economic collapse of the Roman Empire, the rapid decline of business and commerce, the large number of unemployment among the industrial and the people, the people In order to restore the business and business order, Diocletianus,284-305), after the government, began to implement the two-day urban economy. A policy of strengthening the management of private business and business, on the one hand, on the one hand, and on the other, taking national ridging in certain areas The essence of the state monopoly refers to the industry and commerce in relation to the lifeblood of the state, and the private operation is prohibited, which is directly monopolized by the imperial government, that is, the office factory. After the division of the Roman Empire in the 395 years, the Eastern Roman Empire continues to carry out the passage of the first pass of the Deakry. The Imperial Office of the Byzantine Empire mainly includes a coin manufacturing plant, a military manufacturing plant and a silk production plant, which are related to the state's fiscal revenue, national security, and the royal family The demand for luxury goods. With the shrinking of the empire, the imperial office in the empire is mainly concentrated in Constantinople, which makes the Imperial Government more convenient and efficient to manage the empire. The government office factory. The raw material of the office factory is purchased by the state, its producer is managed by the state unified recruitment, its production process is regulated by the state-appointed special official, its products flow to the army and the bureaucratic aristocrat group to meet the military and political needs of the empires, from Not to the civil society. From its production process, these official factories are closed political production institutions, not the real social production organization, but the imperial rule. As a result, this determines that its formation, development and evolution are closely linked to the state of the Empire, and the process of its evolution can be seen. The empire was strong and strong. When the empire was flourishing, the office plant was well developed, and the state's control and management were very strict and completely exclusive of private start-up production. The workshop of similar products. The empire is in the period of turmoil or crisis, and the office plant will also have a recession. The private workshop has the space to survive and grow, which can be promoted to a certain extent. The progress of social production. However, it is difficult for private workshops under the turbulence and the crisis to have the conditions of sustainable development, which is the existence and development of private workshops in the gap between the Imperial Government and the government offices controlled by the Imperial Government. On the whole, the office factory is a reflection of the centralized power of the Empire, and the state's monopoly on the government's factories has guaranteed the financial stability of the Empire and the supply of the military equipment to some extent, but this mode is not conducive to the promotion The progress of social production, to a great extent, curbs the society As a result, the manufacturing structure of the Byzantine Empire, which appears to be rigid, is very fragile because it is based on the overall control of the Empire and the lack of internal vitality, that is, it is not possible to achieve it. Moreover, the long-term and rigid existence of the office of the office also stifles the vitality of the folk production, which is also a great development of the Byzantine Empire and Western Europe in the late Middle Ages. The third chapter mainly deals with Constantinople. The management of private industry and commerce. The private industry and commerce of Constantinople include the present The original intention of the Byzantine Empire to manage the private industry and commerce of Constantinople was to meet the needs of the royal and bureaucratic nobles and to guarantee the supply of the life and materials of the residents of Constantinople, not for the better development of the monarch. Private business in Tantinburg. As a result, on the one hand, the Imperial Government has a mandatory management of private business and business. On the other hand, with the constant development of private business and commerce, the Imperial Government, in order to obtain more financial revenue, also actively adjusts its management policies and means to make it private In general, that early and medium term of the Byzantine Empire was the government's active management and adjustment of private business and business, and the free operation of private business in the late period was an empire. The result of the government's inability to control. The forced management of private industry and commerce in the early and mid-term of the empire can create a stable social environment for the development of private industry and commerce in the period of turmoil, but the government's mandatory management also curbs the business The dynamic and dynamic of the free development of the industry makes the private industry and commerce market of the Constantinople all the time controlled, the business opportunities are greatly restricted, the social class of the industrial and commercial people can't grow and grow, A free social and economic force, and the Byzantine Empire cannot pass the business and commerce economy. With the free development of private industry and commerce, the decline of the Empire has not been able to provide a stable environment for the development of private industry and commerce, while the business and commerce of other countries around the world are gradually becoming The private business of the Byzantine Empire has not been able to grow up and enter the Constantinople. The business of his country is in competition. The fourth chapter discusses the management of city service. The public service of Constantinople includes such charitable activities as medical and rescue, and public education. Under the influence of Christianity and the imperial politics, the emperor, the Constantinople's municipal institution, the Christian Association and the Monastery become the reference. The main body of the public service of Constantinople. In the aspect of charity, the emperor of Byzantine Empire, the bureaucratic nobleman and the clergy, on the one hand, directly aid the old and weak sick and disabled of the Constantinople, and on the other hand, the emperor, the municipal institution, the Christian Association and the monastery have established the system. The charity, the aid of the poor, together form a comprehensive charitable system, It takes on the service and management of the city. In the aspect of education, the imperial government, which is the core of the emperor, is responsible for providing financial support for the public education of the Constantinople, and establishing public schools, churches and monasteries to be responsible for the education activities of the public schools, and the municipal institutions of the Constantinople are responsible for the It is supervised and managed, and the Imperial Government, the Church and the Monastery and the municipal institutions public. With respect to the public education of Constantinople, the security and defense aspects, the strong wall, the palace guard, the city armed forces under the control of the municipal official and the armed forces outside the city form a solid and complex urban security defense system, so that Constantinople is in a thousand years' history Can resist the repeated attack and the protection of the barbarians.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F299.2;K134
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 徐家玲;早期拜占庭执事官职能探析[J];史学集刊;2003年04期
本文编号：2485920
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