中国城市化进程中城市景观美学问题研究

  本文关键词：中国城市化进程中城市景观美学问题研究，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        自工业革命以来,生产力迅猛发展,将城市的发展由一种自然的缓慢演化过程带入了快速城市化进程。20世纪科学技术革命带动世界经济以空前的规模和速度发展,使城市的财富、人口和面积迅速扩张,城市化浪潮席卷了整个世界。一方面,城市化为人们提供了坚实的物质基础；但另一方面,也为人类的生存环境和生活方式带来了诸如环境污染、资源损耗、人口膨胀、交通拥堵等问题和危机。而我们中国作为一个现代化的后发国家,现代化和工业化的脚步在一定程度上落后于西方发达国家,当西方国家已经在总结城市化进程的历史经验教训之时,当代中国却正在经受城市化进程的深刻影响和考验。对于经历了上百年贫瘠与落后的中国来说,城市化充分解放了社会生产力,是中国社会发展上巨大的历史进步；但与此同时,城市化的加速发展也同样使中国付出了痛苦与混乱的代价。由于中国本身是一个人口大国,在相当长一段时间内所采取的粗放型经济增长方式等特殊国情,使中国在快速城市化的进程中,会面临相比于西方国家更加复杂和艰巨的问题,而这些问题已经在城市中凸显,并越演越烈。从美学观点来看,这些问题直观地表现在城市空间环境的物质形式外观——城市景观的变化中：城市景观中自然的缺席,城市景观对历史文脉的割裂,城市景观面临文化特色危机。当今中国城市问题要求我们从美学上回答：城市的本质是什么?究竟怎样的城市才能给予我们舒适、幸福与美好的生活?我们能否在城市中既享受优越繁华的物质条件,又实现“诗意地栖居”?有鉴于此,本论文的研究对象就锁定为城市景观的美学问题,其中包括城市中的物质形态景观和人文精神景观两种类型。并且选取“自然与城市景观”、“历史与城市景观”、“文化与城市景观”这城市景观中的三个哲学命题,来构成一个有机的结构体系,进行深入的研究和探讨。就目前的情况来看,一方面,由于城市景观美学的论题属于应用学科,长期以来为归属于哲学学科的传统思辨美学所忽视,并且理论本身是对实践的总结,往往相对滞后,只有当中国城市化问题积累到一定程度上,才会产生研究城市景观美学的迫切需求,所以导致了该论题在美学理论研究中的边缘化；另一方面,当今中国快速城市化所展露的问题与危机,促使人们开始思考城市发展模式的转型,由追求物质发展的经济型城市转为以文化艺术为核心的审美型城市,这也日渐凸显了城市景观美学的重要价值。所以,对城市景观美学问题的研究,可以填补美学理论中的薄弱环节,具有理论创新的意义；同时,将城市景观置于当前中国城市化进程的背景中予以审视,对当今中国城市景观建设和发展具有强烈的现实针对性,既能为中国的城市景观建设提供哲学美学上的理性积累,又能为面临现实困境与危机的中国各城市提供有益的启示。本论文将中国城市化进程中的城市景观作为研究对象,从美学的角度评析当前城市景观的审美价值,审视城市景观建设中存在的美学问题,并探讨在当前中国快速城市化进程中,如何建设富有深刻人文内涵与美学价值的城市景观,在此基础上结合中国不同地域的具体地理情况和经济发展水平,以期塑造城市景观的个性与特色。本文一共分为四章,第一章绪论,第二章探讨自然与城市景观的问题,第三章探讨历史与城市景观的问题,第四章探讨文化与城市景观的问题,最后是结语部分。第一章,绪论。首先提出研究本论题的原因,以及论题的理论价值和实际价值。其次通过对城市景观美学研究现状的分析,指出目前研究的不足之处,以及本研究在此基础上可阐释的空间。接下来为本研究的核心概念如：景观、城市景观、景观美学进行阐释和界定。最后,提出本论文的研究方法,并介绍论文的基本研究内容。第二章,自然与城市景观。首先,提出“人与自然和谐”是城市景观美学的理想典范和理论依据：一方面,人性中自然性与文化性是并存的,追求人与自然和谐是人的本真天性与渴望；另一方面,是由于中西自然美学观的价值指向——中国传统自然美学观基于“天人合一”的哲学传统,始终追求人与自然和谐统一的亲密关系；而西方则在饱尝了生态危机的恶果之后,发展出以“生态和谐”为基本内涵的现代生存论自然审美观和环境美学观。接下来,深入分析当代中国城市景观中自然美缺失的现状,主要归结为四个方面：第一,城市建设大肆侵吞和改造原生自然；第二,城市自然景观失去地域特色；第三,自然沦为城市的附庸；第四,丧失自然的本真性。并追溯其背后的思想根源——人对自然审美观念的变迁。通过对远古、农业社会、工业社会三个时期人对自然审美观念的纵向考察,指出其在城市景观对待自然生态的审美态度上的重要影响。最后,提出解决问题的思路和相关的建议,通过保留城市中的荒野,在城市中再造自然,维护城市的原生自然风貌,保护自然生态的完整等具体途径,来恢复城市中的自然之美。第三章,历史与城市景观。首先,通过对西方城市景观审美观念的历史发展的纵向考察,和对中国传统城市景观的审美特征的梳理总结,展现出城市景观在历史语境中的审美精神。其次,分析城市化进程所导致的中国城市景观历史文脉断裂的现实景况,主要表现为对历史遗迹的破坏,对旧城的大肆改造,以仿古建筑代替历史遗存,仿欧美式建筑在城市中泛滥等几个方面。进而探讨现象背后的成因,包括城市化进程所带来的生活方式的变革、审美观念和审美风尚的改变、以及城市文化导向的变化等诸多因素。最后,提出解决思路和建议,通过保留城市的记忆、实现历史感与现代感的统一,来弘扬城市景观的历史价值,实现历史文脉在城市中的传承与延续。第四章,文化与城市景观。首先,从传统文化、地域文化、文化多样性三个角度对城市景观的影响进行阐释,指出文化对塑造城市景观审美特色的重要性。其次,选取几个典型的城市人文景观来揭示当代中国城市景观所面临的文化特色危机,主要有：“千城一面”现象、传统节庆的商业化、民间艺术的濒临绝境和地方风俗的日益淡化,它们造成了城市文化面貌的趋同、文化品位的降低、文化记忆的消失和文化特色的减弱。最后,提出解决思路和建议,通过明确文化定位、克服“千城一面”,复兴传统节庆的文化精神,保护和传承民间艺术文化,尊重和保护地方风俗等措施,来重塑城市景观的文化特色,挖掘城市景观的文化底蕴。结语部分总结全文,指出本文通过探讨“自然与城市景观”、“历史与城市景观”、“文化与城市景观”这三个具有代表性的城市景观美学问题,同时也是中国城市化进程现实语境中最为凸显的问题,既为未来中国的城市景观建设提供了哲学、美学上的理性积累,又为面临现实困境与危机的中国各城市提供了一些积极的启示。由于本文论题的性质,在研究过程中除了哲学、美学理论以外,还需要生态学、城市规划学、审美心理学、人文地理学、建筑学、景观学等多个学科的理论知识,进行多元视域的综合研究。在研究的内容方面,坚持历史考察与逻辑分析相结合的学术视野,力图从哲学美学的高度来审视城市景观,挖掘出其中的审美意识和深厚文化精神,并对其中的紧迫问题有针对性地加以解答。此外,研究城市景观的美学问题,除了分析和梳理大量的文献资料以外,还需要进行具有针对性的实际考察,包括对许多具有代表性的城市进行实地走访,获取大量的景观文献资料和图片资料,采集一些具体的数据资料等等,因此,将文献分析与实际调查相结合,也是本文研究的一个特色。

    Since the industrial revolution, productivity development is swift and violent, put the city’s development from a natural slow evolution into a rapid and efficient urbanization process. Especially since twentieth century, the revolution of science and technology drives the world economy tot an unprecedented scale and speed of development, make the city’s wealth, population and area into a rapid expansion, so that the urbanization process sweeps across the whole world. On the one hand, urbanization provides a solid material foundation for people, has opened up a new possibility of survival; on the other hand, has also brought out many problems and crisis for the survival of the human environment and way of life, such as environment pollution, resource depletion, population expansion and traffic congestion. While China as a modern developed country, modernization and industrialization pace to some extent is behind the developed countries in the west. When western countries have been summed up the historical experience and lessons of urbanization process contemporary China, but is undergoing the influence and test. In the fact, for hundreds of years the poor and backward China, urbanization fully liberated social productivity, is tremendous historical progress in China’s social development. But at the same time, urbanization’s rapid development also makes China paid the price of pain and confusion. And since China is a country with a large population, and was taken by the extensive economic growth mode in a fairly long period of time,so that compared to the western countries,it will face more complex and difficult problems in rapid urbanization, and these problems have been in the city stand, which becomes stronger and stronger. Many current Chinese city suffered serious" urban diseases", the most intuitive performance is urban landscape, which is the material form appearance of the city space environment. The urban landscape has great changes--natural absence in urban landscape, the split of the historical context in urban landscape, urban landscape facing culture crisis. These problems and crisis cause Our strong introspection and Reflection:What is the essence of city? How the city can give us comfort, happiness and wonderful life? Can we enjoy superior prosperous material conditions in the city, and at the same time realize the " dwelling poetically"?Given the reflection of above questions, this research targets the aesthetic issues of urban landscape, which includes physical-form landscape type and humanistic-spirit landscape type, as the main research question. Three philosophical topics are selected to be studied and explored, namely "nature and urban landscape","history and urban landscape" and "culture and urban landscape". These three topics form a systematic entity in an organic way. In current research situation, aesthetics in landscape is a research topic in applied science. Thus, it is ignored by traditional critical aesthetics which belongs to the philosophy study. Moreover, theories are usually the conclusions of the practices and this makes them lags behind the reality. The urgent needs for the aesthetic study of urban landscape can only emerge when china’s urbanization process has accumulated lots of problems to a danger degree. Therefore, this causes the topic I choose not so salient in current aesthetic studies. Furthermore, the challenges and problems in the rapid urbanization process in China force people to reflect on the transformation of city development mode. The current pursuit of building economy-focused city with material prosperity has to give way for building the aesthetical city centered on culture and arts. Hence, this also reflects the importance of the urban landscape aesthetical study. The research on urban landscape aesthetics can fill the gap in present aesthetical theories and bring innovative insights to this research field. Meanwhile, the reflection of urban landscape aesthetics in the background of Chinese rapid urbanization process provides a tailored guidance for Chinese urban landscape construction. It can not only provide theoretical contribution in aesthetics and philosophy, but also give valuable enlightening suggestions for those Chinese cities facing actual development predicament and challenges.This paper will serve the urban landscape of China urbanization process as the object of study, and analyzes the aesthetic value of current urban landscape, face up to the aesthetic problems of landscape construction in the presence. Furthermore, it discusses how to build the urban landscape in the current rapid urbanization process, which has a rich and profound cultural connotation and aesthetic value. On the basis of the above, it combines the specific geographic conditions and economic development level of Chinese different region, in order to shape the character and feature of urban landscape. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is introduction, the second chapter discusses nature and the urban landscape, the third chapter discusses history and the urban landscape, the fourth chapter discusses culture and the urban landscape, the final part is the conclusion.Chapter one:introduction. First of all, it puts forward the the motivation of this research, as well as the theoretical value and actual value. Secondly, according to the analysis of research present situation of urban landscape aesthetics, it pointed out the deficiencies and the interpretation space of current research. Then it gives the explanation and definition of core concepts such as: landscape, urban landscape,and landscape aesthetics. Finally, it puts forward the research method, and introduces the basic research contents.Chapter two:nature and urban landscape. First of all, it puts forward the " harmony between man and nature" is the ideal theoretical basis of urban landscape aesthetics. On the one hand, nature and culture is coexisted in the human nature, so that the pursuit of harmony between man and nature is the essence of human nature and desire; On the other hand, because of the value orientation of Chinese and western natural aesthetics value. The Chinese traditional natural aesthetics is based on "harmony" philosophy, has always been the pursuit of harmony between man and nature relationship; while western suffer the ecological crisis, it developed the modern existentialism of natural aesthetic view and environmental aesthetics, and "ecological harmony" is the basic connotation. Then it analyzes the present situation of natural beauty missing in contemporary Chinese urban landscape. It mainly summed up in four aspects:firstly, urban construction wantonly Embezzle and reform the primary nature; secondly, the city lost the geographical characteristics of natural landscape; thirdly, nature is reduced to a vassal of city; fourthly, nature losses the authenticity. Furthermore, trace back to the Ideological roots behind behavior,that is the changes of aesthetic idea on the nature. According to the longitudinal study of aesthetic idea on the nature in three periods---ancient society, agricultural society and industrial society, it pointed out the important effects, which is related to the aesthetic attitude of urban landscape to natural ecology. Finally, it proposed the solution to the problems and some recommendations. For example, according to retaining the wilderness in the city, reinventing nature in the city, maintaining the original natural landscape and protecting the natural ecological integrity, all of these specific pathways are in order to restore the natural beauty of the city.Chapter three:history and urban landscape. Firstly, the historical development of western urban landscape aesthetic ideas is investigated vertically. The characteristics of traditional urban landscape is also sorted out and concluded. Thus, the aesthetic spirit of urban landscape embedded within the historical context is revealed. Then, the current fracture of urban landscape with its Chinese traditional landscape historical and cultural connection is caused by rapid urbanization process. It mainly takes the form of destruction of historical sites, the improper transformation of the old city, the replacement of historical relics with artificial buildings, wide spread of western urban landscape and so on. The reasons behind these phenomena are also explored in this research. This is highly relevant with these factors:the life style change resulted from urbanization process, aesthetic idea change and aesthetic fashion change, urban cultural orientation change and so on. In the end, the researcher proposes the solution:to retain the memory of the city, to active the unification of history and modern sense, to promote the historical values of urban landscape, and to inherit and maintain the historical and cultural traditions and heritages.Chapter four:culture and urban landscape. Firstly, from the traditional culture, regional culture, cultural diversity three perspectives on urban landscape effects were explained, and the paper pointed out the importance of culture in shaping the urban landscape esthetic characteristics. Secondly, it selected a few typical of the urban cultural landscape to reveal the cultural identity crisis which contemporary Chinese urban landscape is facing, mainly has:" thousands of the city side" phenomenon, commercialization of traditional festival, folk art is close to hopeless situation and increasingly desalt of local customs. They cause the convergence of cultural feature in city, the lower of the cultural quality, cultural memory loss and the weakened of cultural characteristics. Finally, it proposes the solution and suggestion. We can overcome" thousands of the city side" through the explicit cultural orientation, revive culture spirit of traditional festival, protect and inherit the folk art and culture, respect and protect local customs and so on. All of these measures are in order to reshape the cultural character of urban landscape, and excavate the cultural heritage of urban landscape.The conclusion makes a summary. It pointed out that through the discussion of the" natural and urban landscape","history and urban landscape","culture and urban landscape",which are three representative urban landscape aesthetic problems, and also the most prominent problems in the realistic context of China urbanization process, it can not only provide theoretical contribution in aesthetics and philosophy, but also give valuable enlightening suggestions for those Chinese cities facing actual development predicament and challenges.Because of these properties of this paper, it needs comprehensive study on the multivariate horizons. Except for the theory of philosophy and aesthetics, it also needs ecology, urban planning, aesthetic psychology, human geography, architecture, landscape science theory of knowledge. In the content of the study, it insisted on the academic vision combined with the historical investigation and logic analysis. It connected the urban landscape construction and aesthetic theory, excavated the aesthetic awareness and deep cultural philosophy spirit of urban landscape, and carry on the corresponding aesthetics analysis and critique. In addition, on urban landscape aesthetic, except for the analysis and sorting out of the massive literature, it also needs to carry out targeted practical investigation, including field visits of many representative cities, to obtain a large number of landscape literature and picture information, and collect some data and so on. Therefore, the combination of the literature analysis and the actual survey is also a characteristic of this study.

中国城市化进程中城市景观美学问题研究

摘要4-7ABSTRACT7-10第一章 绪论11-37    一、选题价值11-17    二、研究现状17-25    三、概念界定25-35    四、研究方法35-37第二章 自然与城市景观37-93    一、城市景观的审美理念41-53    二、当代中国城市景观的自然美问题53-70    三、重建当代中国城市景观的自然美70-93第三章 历史与城市景观93-137    一、在城市景观中诉说历史95-106    二、当代中国城市景观的历史断裂106-123    三、重铸当代中国城市景观的历史文脉123-137第四章 文化与城市景观137-177    一、文化塑造了城市景观的审美特色139-149    二、当代中国城市景观的文化特色危机149-164    三、重塑当代中国城市景观的文化特色164-177结语177-181参考文献181-191后记191-193读博期间主要科研成果及科研活动193

  本文关键词：中国城市化进程中城市景观美学问题研究，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。