唐代老学研究——以成玄英、李荣、唐玄宗、杜光庭《道德经》注疏为个案

发布时间：2018-03-07 17:57

本文选题：唐代　切入点：老学　出处：《华中师范大学》2001年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 本文是唐代老学体系的个案研究，立足于对解《老》作品的原创性探讨，不以老子思想体系以及解《老》者个人哲学思想的理论阐述为宗旨。全文由绪论及主体部分四章组成。第一部分“绪论”，由于解《老》作品个案研究的特点，致使本文不可能在行文中随时交待时代与文化背景，故在这一部分中，不仅按照目前学术通行惯例，扼要地介绍了当代老学研究状况、本文选题意义及指导思想、本文所要达到的主要目标和创新点、本文主要的研究思路与方法；而且，扼要分析了唐代及其前代道家、道教、佛学、老学的发展及相互融摄与论争的文化背景，以使本文本有其本、水有其源。第二部分以成玄英《道德经义疏》为解剖对象，分析了成玄英以重玄为特色的老学思想。认为成玄英这部老学作品体现出三大思想宗趣：一是刻意为传道立论、为修身定法，从而将对《老子》思想的理解由传统的文本训释转变为道教义理的阐发。这一转变趋势虽发轫于汉代的《老子想尔注》及两晋南北朝臧矜、顾欢等人的《老子注》等，但至成玄英始臻于成熟。因而，这可视为老学史上的一次较大变化，成玄英亦可视为《老子》道教义理的集大成者。二是在道论方面，成玄英否定了以往将老子之“道”分别理解为“有”、“无”、“非有非无”的三种观点，提出“虚通之妙理，众生之正性”的新理念，并进一步将老子之“道”分为一中之道和重玄之道，创立了体道的层次论。故成玄英不愧为重玄理论的集大成者。三是在修养论方面，成玄英以“复于真性，反于惠命”为宗旨，“守静守雌，忘物忘我”为手段，“处世不离，处染不染”为标准，“心冥至道，不灭不生”为境界。断然否定了道教中栖托山林、炼丹养形的方式，这在唐代道教外丹学相当盛行的时代前景下无疑是新颖的见解，既充实了道家与道教心性论的理论基础，也为此后道教内丹学理论的发展与成熟提供了理论根据。第三部分探讨了李荣《老子注》所包含的老学思想，认为李荣是从初唐成玄英重玄学理论过渡到中唐玄宗政治化老学的中介人物。他的老学思想，就内涵而言，没有成玄英那样丰富，那样具有哲理思辩性；就性质而言，没有成玄英那样浓厚的宗教色彩与道教情结。但仍有其自身的特点，其道论具有明显的“贵无”色彩，并对河上公、王弼等人的宇宙生成论进行了补充。因为河上公、王弼等人都没有具体解释为什么大道需要阴阳二气共生万物的问题，李荣则首次给予了说明：阳气热孤，阴气寒单，均不能单独成形生物，故需阴阳和合，方致万物生成。另外，李荣还对“道”生天生地的原理首次作了具体解释，认为“道”处于静止状态时是“无形无相”的，“道” 动则“生天生地”，言下之意是“道”生天地之后便借天地而有形有相了，这便论证了“道”不仅生天生地，而且包含在天地万物之中，是天地万物的本体。这在成玄英“道不离物，，物不离道，道外无物，物外无道”的本体论基础上更加具体化了。其修养论则提出了“立行”与“全真”的命题，与成玄英的修身论相比，具有更多的实践性。同时，“全真”理念的论述，应该说为唐宋全真教的成熟增添了养分。最重要的是，在唐初以“重玄”与佛学中观释《老》之风甚为流行的情况下，李荣试图打破这种氛围，竭力摄融儒家思想理念，迎合唐王朝封建统治的需要，从而使其 l＿／蠢日己回。11鼻工耳1止1卜上（＼t币二沁y DOCTORAL D t SSERTAT ON 老学思想深深地打上了儒家君主专制政治的烙印。这为后来唐玄宗将老子之“道”政治化、懦学化开了先河。第四部分论述了唐玄宗的老学思想。认为唐玄宗老学思想的最大特点是将老子之“道”政治化，在他的《道德经》注疏中，只要前人论及帝王政治的成果一律吸收，只要能够联系上帝王政治的尽量向此靠拢，只要能够往君主政治方面发挥的尽量发挥。一句话，他要借《道德经》将自己的政治见解—一表现出来，或者说要将《道德经》中的政治思想挖掘到深层、发挥到极点。其表现之一是将《老子》一书中的“圣人”、“君子”、“人”几乎都理解为“帝王”；表现之二是频繁提到“无为”、“帝王”、“人君”、“人主”、“理天下”、“理身理国”等。表现之三是把许多本不是针对帝王治国而言的《老子》章节的意义，均解释为治国理论。另一个特点是表现出调和儒、道二家的倾向，将《老子》中一些明显不合儒家思想的内容尽量作了儒家化的解释。如将第38章“夫礼者，忠信之薄，而乱之首也”一语曲解为“制礼者，为忠信衰薄而以礼为救乱之首尔”，意即制“礼”作乐是为了拯救忠信之风衰薄的社会局面，是治理乱世的首选方案，但不是根治之法，根治之法在于无为道德之化。这样的诠释几乎将老子抨击儒家礼乐的原意荡除殆尽。故唐玄宗的老学思想带有明显的政治功利性。第五部分研究了杜光庭《道德真经广圣义》这一老学的宏篇巨制，认为杜光庭对于唐代老学最大的贡献在于他比较全面地总结了唐代及其以前的老学成就，重申了《老子》以道治国、以德修身的主题思想，
[Abstract]:This article is a case study of the old school system in the Tang Dynasty, based on the original exploration of the old works, and not with the Lao Tzu thought system.
The purpose of the theory is to explain the theory of individual philosophy of the old. The full text is composed of four chapters, the preface and the main part.
The first part of the "Introduction", due to the characteristics of the case study of the old works, makes it impossible for this article to be dealt with at any time in the article.
In this part, in this part, we not only introduce the current research status of the old school, but also in accordance with the current academic practice.
The significance and guiding ideology of this article, the main objectives and innovation points to be achieved, the main research ideas and methods of this article.
In addition, the cultural background of the Tang Dynasty and its former Daoists, Taoism, Buddhism, and old studies, and the cultural background of mutual fusion and debate are given.
The text has its original, the water has its source.
The second part of the "Jing" as the clear moral study, analyzed to clear characteristics of the old metaphysical thought that.
For Cheng Xuanying's old school works, it embodies three main ideas: one is to make an idea of preaching, to fix the law, and thus to "old".
Sub > idea from traditional text interpretation into Taoism argumentation analysis. This trend is originated in the Han Dynasty "Lao Tzu
I want to note > and Zang Jin Jin Dynasty, Gu Huan et al Lao Tzu < note >, but to clear before reaching maturity. Therefore, this video
For the old school a large changes in history, is also regarded as a "clear Lao Tzu > Master of Taoism argumentation into two in theory,
Clear negative in the past will be Lao Tzu 'were understood as "yes", "no", "three point non", put forward "virtual
The new idea of the right of all living beings, and the creation of the "Tao" of Lao Zi into one middle way and the way of heavy metaphysics.
The theory of the hierarchy of the body of the body. Therefore, Cheng Xuanying is worthy of being the master of the theory of heavy metaphysics. Three is on the theory of self-cultivation, Cheng Xuanying is "restored to the truth,"
"Against the benefit" for the purpose, "keep quiet and keep the female, forget things to forget the self" as the means, "do not leave the world, be dyed not dyed" as the standard, "heart to the Tao,
No "as the immortal realm. Denial of Daoism in the habitat supporting forest, have shaped this alchemy, in the Tang Dynasty Taoist school is Dan Sheng
The era prospect is undoubtedly new insights, not only enriches the theory of Taoism and Taoist doctrine, also after Daoism
It provides a theoretical basis for the development and maturity of the theory of learning.
The third part discusses the old ideas of Li Rong < > Lao Tzu note included, think that Li Rong is clear from the Tang chongxuanxue theory
The transition to political science of the old Tang Xuanzong intermediary character. His old thoughts, as to the content, not clear so rich, so
With the philosophy of nature; not clear that strong religious color and Taoism. But it still has its own characteristics
On the other hand, the theory of Taoism has an obvious "noble and nothingness" color and complements the theory of cosmology of the river Duke, Wang Bi and others.
Shang Gong, Wang Bi and others did not explain why the road needed Yin and yang two Qi to symbiotic all things, Li Rongze first gave it
Yang Ming: solitary Yin cold, heat, can not separate forming organisms, the harmony of yin and Yang, party to the production of things. In addition, Li Rong also
For the first time, the principle of "Tao" born in nature has been explained in detail. It is thought that "Tao" is still "invisible", "Tao".
Is the "natural", the implication is "Tao" by heaven and earth and heaven and earth have a tangible phase, it not only demonstrates the "Tao"
Born in nature, and contained in heaven and earth, it is the noumenon of all things in heaven and earth. In Cheng Xuanying, "Tao is not separated from things, things are not away from the Tao,
No matter when things outside, "ontology based on more specific. Its cultivation theory has put forward the" legislation "and" Taoism "
Compared with the proposition, purpose of morality, is more practical. At the same time, the conception of "Taoism" should be said to Tang Songquan
I teach mature add nutrients. The most important is, in the early Tang Dynasty to the "mystery" and < > the old view of Buddhism Buddhism wind popular feeling
Under the circumstances, Li Rong tried to break the atmosphere, and tried to melt the Confucian ideas to meet the needs of the feudal rule of the Tang Dynasty, and thus made it possible.
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The old thought deeply Confucian monarchy brand. This was Tang Xuanzong Lao Tzu 'political, cowardly school
It turned the corner.
The fourth part discusses Tang Xuanzong's old school thought. The biggest feature of Tang Xuanzong's old school thought is the "Tao" politics of Lao Tzu
And in his "moral Sutra" commentaries, and as long as the previous imperial political results are absorbed, as long as God can contact Wang Zheng
As far as possible, as far as possible, as far as possible to the political aspects of the monarchy.
One's own political views - a manifestation of it, or the need to excavate the political ideas of the "moral Sutra" to the deep, to the extreme.
One of the manifestations is that the "sage", "gentleman" and "man" in the book of Laozi are almost all understood as "Emperors"; the two of the expression is frequent.
"No action", "emperor", "man king", "man", "reason under the world", "physical body and reason of the country", etc.. The three of the expression is that many of them are not
The meaning of "Lao Zi > Chapter" is explained as the theory of governing the country. The other characteristic is to show the harmony of Confucianism and Taoism.
The tendency of the two is to explain the content of some of the obvious dissimilar Confucian ideas in Lao Tzu. For example, the thirty-eighth chapter "husband"
Courtesy, loyalty is thin, and the chaos of the first term is "misinterpreted as a" ritual, faithful and thin ring ceremony for Seoul to save the chaos, which means
Making "rite" music is to save the weak social situation of loyalty and faith, and it is the first choice to govern the chaos, but it is not a cure for it.
Is the radical way of moral action. This interpretation will be almost Lao Tzu Confucian's original attack eliminated completely. So Tang Xuanzong
The old school thought has obvious political utilitarianism.
The fifth part of the great work Guangting Du Zhen Jing Guang Sheng Yi "moral > this old school, old school that Du Guangting of the Tang Dynasty
The greatest contribution is that he summed up the achievements of the Tang Dynasty and its previous studies in a more comprehensive way, and reaffirmed that Lao Tzu was the rule of the country.
The theme of body repair,

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：K242

【引证文献】