清初江南遗民生存境况研究

发布时间：2018-03-08 05:35

本文选题：清初　切入点：江南　出处：《湖南大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：明清易代后，明朝士大夫发生了身份转换，成为明遗民。明遗民在清初具有很大的影响力，因而顺治、康熙两朝统治者非常重视对他们的征服。顺治年间，统治者对江南遗民主要以强硬手段打击为主。受此影响，明遗民在忠君爱国情感的激励下，普遍地参与了反清运动。康熙年问，统治者以怀柔手段笼络为主，如迎合遗民心理，扰慰其心灵；制定“重道”的文化政策，拉拢明遗民；积极网罗明遗民等。受此影响，明遗民的对清态度逐渐松动，他们的“夷夏之防”思想观念逐渐淡化，多有称颂清朝和君主的言论，甚至部分遗民出仕，遗民群体逐渐分化。明遗民心系故明，然明朝已成往事；心斥新朝，又不得不生活在新朝。在这种尴尬的处境中，他们有着严重的身份归属的焦虑。于是，他们纷纷追寻自己的身份归属，主动自觉地把自己确认为“旧朝人”。他们或以“遗民”自称，或利用历史上的遗民资源表现自我期许，或以节妇自拟，或拼命惜发、护发以抵制清朝所希望的明／清身份转换，从身体和精神上坚持自己忠于故国旧君的身份认同。明遗民的谋生非常艰难。在“天崩地解”的时代巨变影响下，明遗民因天灾人祸、毁家纾难、不善治生、放弃富贵等原因，，陷入了生存困境，生活难以为继。为了维持生存，明遗民不得不通过务农、行医、经商、处馆、处幕等方式谋生。然而，受儒家传统伦理道德观念和时代巨变的双重影响，除务农外，遗民士大夫对其它谋生方式基本不认可。在解决了物质上谋生问题的基础上，因无法实现通过出仕来“治国平天下”的理想，遗民士大夫把更多的时问和精力投入到生活中。他们大都有“素位”、“行乐”等重视当下生活的生活理念。他们又是具有审美倾向的士人，因而从时间和空间上重新架构了“闲雅”生活。在此基础上，明遗民将个人生命寄托在书画、草木、饮食等“长物”上，并爱恋成癖，沉溺其中，使之成为生活的重心，试图以此来游离国仇家恨和富贵功名的世俗世界，营造雅致的生活情趣。作为生活内容的重要组成部分，遗民士大夫的社会交往也值得研究。尽管有些遗民选择了“活埋土室”，不与世接，但绝大多数遗民开展着不同广泛程度的社会交往。笔者通过分析遗民之间的交往、遗民与仕清官员的交往、遗民与僧的交往，来展现他们交往的范围、交往的原因以及影响，研究他们在新朝统治下的处世原则、心念及其变化。明遗民虽然基本I二能够维持牛存，也能够营造具有审美倾向的生活，但是作为儒家士大夫，他们仍然有着严重的精神困境。这表现在，他们充分肯定士大夫殉国的行为，但自己却存新朝继续生存，因此他们以生为耻，有深深的道德愧疚感：在新朝生存，他们“惟重末路”，十分注重坚守遗民节操与人格、尊严，但在现实生活中不得不“与世交接”，时刻面临着失节的忧惧；他们希望抗清复明，为国尽“忠”，但在抗清过程中给百姓带来了灾难，伤害他们“安百姓”的“仁”心；他们坚守经世济民的儒家使命，却又遭遇了生不逢时的尴尬境遇。精神困境令明遗民感到痛苦和无奈，于是如何抵制和化解这些不安与焦虑，摆脱精神困境，成为明遗民共同面对的课题。为了摆脱精神困境，明遗民重新对亡国后的人生价值进行追寻和体认。他们认为遗民本身具有“正人心”和“存人类于天下”的道德价值；具有“存道统”和“文化救亡”的文化价值；具有“救命以言”和在社会基层经世的社会价值。也有明遗民把佛教、道教和天主教等作为精神世界的救赎之道。由于遗民信奉道教和天主教的人数相对很少，其复杂性和丰富性远不如逃禅遗民，故笔者以佛教为重点，并以金堡逃禅后秉承大乘菩萨道精神，普渡众生为个案，进行了深入探讨。
[Abstract]:The Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Ming dynasty literati had become the identity transformation, the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty has a great influence in the early Qing Dynasty, the two dynasty Shunzhi, Kangxi attaches great importance to their conquest. The beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the rulers of the dynasty Jiangnan mainly is the main means to fight tough. Affected by this, the Ming Dynasty in patriotism emotional motivation, common participation in the anti Qing movement. Kangxi asked the rulers in Huairou, enticements, such as catering to the adherents of psychology, disturbance to comfort his mind; make "Dao" culture policy, to the Ming Dynasty; active network. The remnant of Luo Ming affected by the Ming Dynasty gradually loosened the attitude of Qing they, "Yi Xia prevention" concept gradually fade, many have praised the Qing Dynasty and the monarch's speech, and even some adherents of an official, Yimin group gradually differentiation.
The heart of the Ming Dynasty Ming, Ming Dynasty and has a history of heart development; the new dynasty, and had to live in the new dynasty. In this embarrassing situation, they have serious identity anxiety. Thus, they are seeking their own identity, take the initiative to consciously recognized as "old Dynasty". They are or in the "people" who, or use the history of Yimin resources self expectations, or to save women with, or desperately cherish hair, hair in Ming Qing / Qing Dynasty to resist the identity transformation, from the physical and spiritual homeland loyal to adhere to their own identity. The old gentleman
The Ming Dynasty living very difficult. In the era of great changes under the influence of violent political or social upheavals of the Ming Dynasty, because of poor students treat natural calamities and man-made misfortunes, the ruined house to relieve difficult, give up wealth, and other reasons, in the plight of survival, life difficult to continue. In order to survive, to the Ming Dynasty by farming, medicine, business, office hall, living at the scene and so on. However, influenced by the traditional Confucian ethics and the era of great change, in addition to farming, Yimin literati basic is not recognized on the other way to make a living.
On the base of solving the problem of living material, because cannot be realized by an official to "rule the world", Yimin literati put more time and energy into life. Most of them are "plain", "merry" attention to contemporary life philosophy of life. They are the aesthetic tendency of the scholars, so from the time and space re architecture of the "elegant" life. On this basis, the Ming Dynasty personal life in painting, wood, etc. "," diet, and love addiction, addicted to them, making life heavy heart, trying to free the Chinese wealth and fame the secular world, to create elegant life.
As an important part of life, the literati's social intercourse is also worth studying. Although some people choose the "buried soil room", and then the world, but the vast majority of people to carry out the social intercourse of different extent. The author through the analysis of the interaction between people, communication with officials of the Shi Yimin, communication Yimin and monk, to show the scope of their exchanges, exchanges of causes and effects, study their principles in the new dynasty under the rule of the mind and change.
The Ming Dynasty although the basic I two can maintain the survival, also can create a tendency of aesthetic life, but as a Confucian scholar, they still had the spirit of serious difficulties. In this, they affirmed the literati martyred behavior, but they are there toward to survive, so they to shame, have a deep moral guilt: in the new dynasty survive, their "Koreshige end", attaches great importance to adhere to the integrity and dignity, their personality, but "in the real life and the world transfer, always facing disloyal fear; they hope against the Qing Dynasty, for the country as" loyalty ", but to the people in the process of disaster resistance, damage their" people "" benevolence "; they adhere to Confucian and mission, but suffered a Born Under A Bad Sign embarrassing situation.
The spiritual predicament of Ming Dynasty was painful and helpless, so how to resist and eliminate the anxiety and anxiety, get rid of the spiritual predicament, become the Ming Dynasty to face the issue. In order to get rid of the spiritual dilemma, the Ming Dynasty again after the subjugation of the life value pursuit and recognition. They think the Yimin itself has a "positive people" and "save the human in the world has a moral value;" orthodoxy "and" cultural salvation "cultural value;" help with words "and the social value in the grassroots level. There are adherents of Buddhism, Taoism and Catholicism as spiritual salvation. Because the number of adherents believe in Taoism and the Catholic Church is relatively less, the complexity and richness than Zen adherents, the Buddhism is the key, and to Jin Bao Zen after adhering to Mahayana Bodhisattva spirit, Purdue beings as a case, in the dark Go into the discussion.

【学位授予单位】：湖南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K249

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