秦汉乡里控制研究

发布时间：2018-03-08 20:15

本文选题：秦汉　切入点：乡里　出处：《山东大学》2008年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 自古国以民为本,对乡里百姓的控制模式及其效果直接影响和决定着国家的命运。不过,基层社会秩序的构造既与国家的控制理念相关,更受制于一定的社会结构,并随着社会结构的变化而处于变化之中。秦汉时期是我国古代基层社会结构塑造以及社会控制原理形成的一个关键时期。随着专制主义统一中央集权国家的建立,国家在现实社会结构的基础上逐步建立起一套系统的乡里控制体系,这样的一套乡里控制体系在当时一度发挥了有效的乡里控制作用。西汉中期以后,随着儒家道德伦理在乡里的传播,从制度设计层面看,国家的控制理念和乡里控制体系更趋完善。但是,乡里社会结构诸层面的变化却影响了国家对乡里控制的效果,从而使得国家对乡里的控制表现出日渐弱化的趋势。本文共分六章,选择不同的视角和层面对秦汉时期乡里控制和秩序构造问题进行静态与动态的有机考察。第一章秦汉乡里控制体系的构建。首先结合简牍资料就学术界颇有争议的秦汉聚落形态问题重新作出分析,阐释了该时期乡里聚落从里、聚合一到里、聚逐渐分离的变化,使得我们对秦汉时期乡里控制和秩序构造赖以存在的空间环境有了宏观的把握。接下来对以乡官里吏为核心的乡里权力中介作了说明,因为这是国家对乡里控制的基本依靠力量。在此基础上,我们重点结合人身、经济和生产三个方面考察了当时国家对乡里的制度性控制机理。通过以上的考察,我们可以对秦汉时期乡里控制体系和控制理念形成一个总体性认识。第二章秦汉百姓邻里编伍和等级支配机制的变迁。围绕秦汉时期乡里百姓邻里之间的编伍连坐和国家对乡里等级支配两个问题展开。秦和西汉前期国家以二十等爵为中心确立了王权支配下的政治性等级秩序以及邻里编伍连坐机制,它们在当时国家对乡里秩序的塑造中发挥了重要作用。随着社会结构的变化,特别是爵的贬值和以财富为核心自然性等级观念的发展,政治性“爵”主导下的乡里等级支配渐渐失去作用;而爵的日渐轻滥和儒家伦理道德观念向乡里的渗透,邻里间编伍连坐机制的作用也发生了变化。从社会结构入手对建立在二十等爵基础上的邻里编伍和乡里等级支配机制作动态考察,我们可以从特定视角切入,揭示秦汉时期国家乡里控制理念和制度实践效果的结构性演变。第三章宗族、豪强与秦汉乡里权力结构。着眼于学术界关于秦汉乡里控制和秩序构造理论的分歧,立足于秦汉四百年间社会结构的变化,分阶段、动态地考察了以乡官里吏为代表的国家行政权力与宗族、豪强为代表的社会力量在乡里权力结构中的关系、地位和变化,通过对双方在秩序塑造中性质和作用的定位分析,对该时期乡里秩序构造原理作出动态的重新解释。第四章从“未有并兼之害”到国家与豪强围绕乡里经济、人身控制权的争夺。立足于社会结构和乡里控制的实践效果,就秦汉国家对乡里经济、人身控制问题作了动态的考察。秦和西汉初期由于授田制的推行以及国家对强宗豪右的相对有效制约,使得乡里出现“未有并兼之害”局面,这奠定了国家对乡里经济、人身诸方面有效控制的基础。随着乡里宗族、豪强力量的成长及其与王权内在的关联性,乡里兼并逐渐发展起来并出现愈演愈烈之势。国家虽然采取种种手段和措施进行挽救以稳固在乡里统治的基础,但由于不能从根本上解决兼并的根源,结果使得百姓大量破产流亡,成为依附民或沦身为奴婢,进而导致国家对乡里经济、人身的控制趋于弱化。第五章秦汉政权对乡里的思想文化控制。主要从思想文化角度阐述了秦汉政权对乡里的控制。思想文化控制是当时国家对乡里控制的一个重要层面,秦汉政权以儒家伦理道德为核心逐渐强化了对乡里百姓的道德塑造和思想文化控制,使之发挥了有效的移风易俗和舆论导向的“软控制”功能。与以往侧重于从道德伦理等层面对当时思想文化控制的功能以及途径的考察不尽相同,该部分我们在作如是考察的基础上,重点立足于秦汉社会结构及其变化,分析考察了该时期国家对乡里思想文化塑造和控制的实践效果。由之,可以使我们在从思想文化层面把握当时基层统治理念的同时,进而从一个新的视角去管窥秦汉基层社会秩序的发展变化。第六章里、社的合离与秦汉乡里秩序。着重于考察民间社会组织与秦汉王权乡里支配的关系及变迁。秦汉时期,作为先秦村社遗留的“社”的组织活动并没有随着乡里行政组织的建立而消失,其活动内容主要表现为以里为单位的宗教性社祀活动。在秦汉一定时期内,里、社合一体制成为王权有效支配基层社会的杰作,纯粹民间私人结社性组织不具备自由发展的空间。随着社会结构的变化,民间结社在一定时期兴起和发展起来,并为王权所允许和利用,这又从一定层面上揭示了秦汉基层社会秩序和王权乡里支配理念的变化。
[Abstract]:Since ancient times, people oriented, control mode and its effect on the people directly affects and decides the fate of the country. However, construction of local social order and control idea of the country, but subject to certain social structure, and in with the change of social structure changes during the Qin and Han Dynasties in ancient China. The basic structure of society and the formation of social shaping control principle is a key period. With the establishment of authoritarian centralized state of the country, based on realistic social structure gradually establish a system of the control system, a set of control system in the village was once played an effective role in controlling the countryside of western Han Dynasty. After the middle, with the Confucian ethics in the village of communication, from the perspective of system design, state control idea and control system more perfect. But the village, the village society The changes in the various levels of the structure have influenced the effect of the country's control over the countryside, thus making the state's control of the countryside increasingly weakening.
This article is divided into six chapters and chooses different perspectives and layers to make a static and dynamic investigation on the problems of local control and order structure in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Construction of the first chapter of Xiang and Li control system. The first problem of settlement form in Qin and Han Dynasties academic controversial with all these data to make analysis and explanation of the period from the village settlement, a change in the polymerization, poly gradually separated, so that we can have a macro grasp of space environment in control and Xiang Qin and Han Dynasties in order for the next. To construct the rural officials as the core of the village power intermediary explained, because this is the state of the country depends largely on the strength of control. On this basis, we focus on the combination of the three aspects of economic man, and investigates the state of the production system through the above control mechanism. We can study in the Qin and Han Dynasties the system and theory of rural control to form an overall understanding.
The second chapter changes and populace neighbouring community level. Around the dominating mechanism between the Qin and Han Dynasties Village neighborhood people and countries of the Wu Lianzuo class ridden two problems. The state of Qin and the Western Han Dynasty to early twenty rank as the center established a monarchy under the domination of political order and neighborhood coding involve their mechanism. At the time the state of shaping the rural order has played an important role. With the change of social structure, especially the rank of nobility depreciation and wealth for the development of the core of the natural hierarchy, the political "Marquis" under the auspices of the township level control gradually lost; and its undue abuse and Confucian ethics concept the penetration into the countryside, the role of neighborhood coding involve mechanism is changed. From the social structure of the establishment in twenty rank on the basis of the neighborhood and village level control Kivu From a specific perspective, we can reveal the structural evolution of the concept of national rural control and the practice effect of the system in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
The third chapter clan, tyrannical and Han village power structure. Focus on the academic circles about the Qin and Han village order and control theory of the structure of the differences and changes, based on the social structure of the Qin Dynasty four hundred years in stages, the dynamic study of the administrative power and the clan in village officials as representatives of the powerful social forces represented in the village power structure, status and change, by positioning on both sides in order to shape in nature and function analysis, to re explain the dynamics of the period of rural order construction principle.
The fourth chapter from the "no and the harm to the state and the people around the despotic economy, fight for control. Based on the social structure and the control effect of the practice, as countries on the rural economy of Qin and Han Dynasty, who control for dynamic exploration. The Qin Dynasty and the early Western Han Dynasty because of farmland system and the implementation of the state the relative effective restriction on the right of the aristocracy," no harm and the village and country "situation, which laid the foundation of effective control of the economy, people in various aspects. With the village clan, tyrannical power growth and its relevance and kingship inside, the merger developed gradually and the emergence of a growing trend. Although countries adopt various means and measures to save the firm in the village ruling foundation, but because cannot solve the root of mergence fundamentally, which results in a large number of people in exile into bankruptcy, attachment People or become as slaves, which led to the state of the economy, control person tends to weaken.
The fifth chapter of the Qin and Han Dynasties culture control. The main control of the Qin and Han Dynasties was discussed from the angle of ideology and culture. The control culture is an important aspect of the country for the control of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Confucian ethics is the core of the gradual strengthening of the moral building and ideological and cultural control of the people in the township, the it played an effective customs and public opinion of "soft control" function. With the previous focus on the ethical aspects of the thought and culture control function and way is not the same, this part will be the basis of the study, focusing on the social and economic structure and change, analysis the period of thought and culture in the countryside to shape and control effect in practice. By the way, so that we can grasp the basic rule in the philosophy also from the ideological and cultural level, into the And from a new perspective to see the development and changes of the social order in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
In the sixth chapter, the agency from the Qin and Han Dynasty village order. Focuses on the relationship between civil society organizations and village domination and change of kingship in Qin and Han Dynasties. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, as the pre Qin village left "community" activities did not disappear with the establishment of the administrative organization, its activities mainly manifested in. As a unit of religious sacrifice. In the Qin and Han Dynasties in a certain period of time, in the agency and a system of effective control of grass-roots society became a royal masterpiece, the pure folk personal association does not have a free development space. With the change of social structure, the rise of the folk organizations in a certain period of time and development, and for the kingship allowed and use it to a certain level, reveals the change in Qin and Han Dynasties and the basic social order. The concept of kingship domination Village

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K232

【引证文献】