明清徽商与两浙盐业及地方社会研究

发布时间：2018-03-21 21:45

本文选题：明清　切入点：两浙地区　出处：《安徽师范大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：徽商在两浙的盐业经营,延续了整个明清时期。根据其发展与兴衰情况,大致可将其分作三个时期来探讨:明初至万历年间的经营情况;明万历年间至清朝朝乾隆年间的盐商与盐业;清嘉庆至清末的盐业经营。徽商于两浙业盐之时,由于江浙地区经济的发达和盐业经营技艺学习的需要,其子弟往往随同前往。寄籍异地的商人子弟的教育成为关系家族兴旺及商人地位的重要事宜。盐业官员及盐商为此一要务在两浙创办了商籍制度,子弟另立学籍,得以异地参加科考。徽州盐商在商籍建立中起到了至关重要的作用,商籍也为徽州盐商在两浙的进一步发展奠定了基础。两浙徽商与政治势力的交往成为其商业经营活动中一个异常鲜明的特征。之所以会出现这一状况,有着诸多的因素。由于盐的生产的特殊性和生活的不可或缺性,盐税一直是封建朝廷的重要财政来源。其经营的专卖性,使得盐业和封建政权的关系极其密切。徽州商人正是凭藉其文化修养,儒贾结合,结交官府而在盐业经营中独占鳌头。而盐商与官员过从甚密,既有其利,也存在弊端。徽州盐商在两浙的经营对杭州社会诸方面影响颇大。杭州为两浙盐运司所在地,盐商云集,商课盐税的交纳,盐业利润的使用,特别是盐商及其子弟的奢侈消费,无不影响着杭州经济社会的发展。盐业经营的丰厚利润,让徽商有财力对子弟教育加以重视和大力投入。除了家庭的私学,盐商还在官员的支持下于两浙兴办书院等重要教育机构。除了杭州紫阳书院、崇文书院和正学书院外,无锡紫阳书院亦是其时徽商在两浙创办的重要教育机构。其中,紫阳和崇文两书院更是绵延数百年之久,不仅为盐商,更为两浙甚至江南培养了大批人才。盐商聚集于杭州,商籍与灶籍的出现,对两浙户籍制度的松动有着重要影响。轻商观念的转变和文化的融合,以及商业的繁荣更是对两浙社会发展带来了深刻影响。徽州盐商与两浙社会变迁有着千丝万缕的联系。本文通过对为数众多的两浙徽州盐商特别是典型盐商个案的研究,探讨徽州盐商与两浙经济、文化、教育以及社会变迁的影响关系,一方面希望进一步推进对徽州盐商研究,另一方面希冀能于明清两浙社会经济发展的各种因素有所厘清。
[Abstract]:The salt industry management of Huizhou merchants in the two provinces continued the whole period of Ming and Qing dynasties. According to its development, rise and fall, it can be divided into three periods: the management from the early Ming Dynasty to the Wanli period; Salt merchants and salt industry from Ming Wanli period to Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty; salt industry management from Qing Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty. Their children often went with them. The education of the children of merchants from different places of origin became an important matter for the prosperity of the family and the status of merchants. Salt officials and salt merchants established a commercial registration system in the two provinces and Zhejiang Province, and the children set up separate school registers. Huizhou salt merchants played a vital role in the establishment of commercial nationality. Shang nationality also laid a foundation for the further development of Huizhou salt merchants in the two provinces. The exchanges between Huizhou merchants and political forces became a distinctive feature in their business activities. There are many factors. Because of the particularity of salt production and the necessity of life, salt tax has always been an important source of finance for the feudal court. The relationship between salt industry and feudal regime was extremely close. Huizhou merchants took the lead in salt management by virtue of their cultural cultivation, the combination of Confucianism and government, and the salt merchants and officials had their own interests. There are also drawbacks. The operation of Huizhou salt merchants in the two provinces has a great impact on Hangzhou's society. Hangzhou is the seat of the salt transportation department of the two provinces. The salt merchants gather, the merchants pay salt taxes, the use of salt profits, especially the luxury consumption of salt merchants and their children. It will affect the economic and social development of Hangzhou. The rich profit of salt industry makes Huizhou merchants have the financial resources to pay attention to the education of their children, except for the private education of the family. Salt merchants also set up academies and other important educational institutions in both Zhejiang and Zhejiang with the support of officials. In addition to Hangzhou Ziyang Academy, Chongwen Academy and Zhengxue Academy, Wuxi Ziyang Academy was also an important educational institution established by Huizhou merchants in the two provinces at that time. The academies of Ziyang and Chongwen lasted for hundreds of years and cultivated a large number of talents not only for salt merchants, but also for the two Zhejiang and even the southern Jiangsu provinces. It has an important influence on the loosening of the household registration system in Zhejiang and Zhejiang. The change of the concept of light commerce and the fusion of culture, The prosperity of commerce has brought profound influence on the social development of the two provinces. The salt merchants in Huizhou are closely related to the social changes of the two provinces. This paper studies the numerous cases of salt merchants, especially the typical salt merchants, in Huizhou, Zhejiang Province. This paper probes into the influence of Huizhou salt merchants on the economic, cultural, educational and social changes of the two provinces. On the one hand, it hopes to further promote the study of Huizhou salt merchants, on the other hand, it hopes to clarify the various factors of the social and economic development of the two provinces in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
【学位授予单位】：安徽师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K248;F429

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