春秋战国赏赐制度研究

发布时间：2018-03-23 11:55

本文选题：春秋　切入点：战国　出处：《吉林大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：赏赐是春秋战国时期重要的政治活动,学界对此鲜有深入的研究。本文以春秋战国时期周王室、齐国、晋国、楚国、秦国、其他小国为研究对象,并探讨春秋战国时期的赏赐思想。全文共分七章: 第一章春秋时期周王室的赏赐。春秋时期周王室的赏赐内容以土地为主,也包括兵器、车马、衣服;赏赐对象以诸侯国君为主,表现出明显的重同姓轻异姓的特点;天子的赏赐一方面是奖励军功,另一方面则是渴望这些霸主国永久的保护。大规模的土地赏赐导致王畿缩小、王室贫困,诸侯日益坐大,进入恶性循环。第二章春秋时期晋国的赏赐。晋国的赏赐规模可谓登峰造极,以土地为主要内容、以有功贵族为主要对象的赏赐,使得这些军功贵族的经济和政治实力迅猛增长,终于成为晋国公室政治的离心力量,导致三家分晋的悲惨结局。同时,晋国也很重视对于普通贵族、庶人以及其他诸侯国的赏赐,不同程度地取得了良好的效果。第三章春秋战国时期齐国的赏赐。春秋时期,齐国的赏赐内容是十分丰厚的,包括大量的土地、食物、衣服、车马、建材等等,并且获得的土地可以世袭;齐国赏赐范围之宽泛可当诸国之首,包括功臣、庶人、女性等等,在赏赐时,羁旅之臣具有优先权,特别是齐桓公时期,对外赏赐涉及各个诸侯国,景公时甚至对无功者滥赏。进入战国时期,齐国沿袭了赏赐范围广泛的特点,当各国将军功赏赐置于榜首时,齐国却异乎寻常地忽略军功赏赐,甚至没有建立明确的军功赏赐制度,取而代之,对文人学者的赏赐最为丰厚,这在其他诸侯国实属罕事。第四章春秋战国时期楚国的赏赐。春秋时期,楚国对于赏赐的控制最为严格,赏赐内容微薄,赏赐对象严格控制为同姓贵族,并且,非有大功不能获得赏赐,正因如此,楚国公室始终把握着楚国的经济命脉。战国时期,与军功爵制相比,楚国最有特色的是封君制,楚国封君制实行最早,封君数量最多,封地领域最大,并且封君可世袭,终于导致封君积累实力、占山为王、左右朝政,随时可以代立为王。第五章战国时期秦国的赏赐。秦国真正具备了大规模的赏赐、形成成熟的赏赐制度是进入战国时期,特别是秦孝公任用商鞅实施变法后。首先,秦国制订了严格的军功爵制,极大地激发了将士的作战热情;其次,秦国实行了以军功大臣为主、以宗室贵族为辅、也包括了宠臣及游说之士的大规模的封君;最后,在秦国,往往赐物以奖励功劳,抑或普遍施惠以稳定君权。第六章春秋战国时期其它诸侯国的赏赐。郑国在春秋初年就建立了比较成熟的赏赐制度;鲁国在赏赐活动中表现出明显尊礼守礼的特征;作为殷人后裔的宋国对于赏赐的重视与殷商时期一脉相承;卫国的赏赐内容丰富而且颇有寓意。战国时期,赵国对军功、事功、宗亲的赏赐绝不亚于秦、楚等大国;燕国于七雄中最为贫弱,然而赏赐内容较为丰厚,赏贤不赏亲,封君不可世袭,相比于齐、楚等国的宗亲封君是较为进步的。第七章春秋战国时期的赏赐思想。《孙子兵法》提出依法行赏与法外行赏的灵活转换、依据赏赐判断敌情、赏赐厚与薄的辩证、厚赐间谍等观点,对于后代赏赐思想及军功赏赐制度的形成起到了至关重要的作用。《管子》所反映的赏赐思想正是植根于春秋时期齐国的赏赐活动,又结合了战国的实际情况,同时还受到战国末年法家思想的影响,表现出明显的发展性。《商君书》蕴含着丰富的赏赐思想,提出“壹赏”的赏赐原则、赏赐重与轻的辩证、完备的军功爵制、如何处理赏与罚的关系,可以说是法家诸多作品中最为成熟的。《荀子》的赏赐思想虽然兼具儒、法两家的特点,但很明显,其“法”的部分带有鲜明的不彻底性。《韩非子》中关于赏赐的思想达到法、势、术的完美结合,以赏赐之术稳固赏赐之势,以赏赐之势执行赏赐之法,以赏赐之法行使赏赐之术和赏赐之势,这样的赏赐才能起到最大的鼓励作用。
[Abstract]:Reward is an important political activity in the spring and Autumn period, in-depth study of this few scholars. Based on the spring and Autumn period of Zhou royal family, Qi, Jin, Chu, Qin and other countries as the research object, and study the spring and Autumn Period reward ideas. This thesis consists of seven chapters:
The first chapter gives the Zhou royal court. Reward content Zhou Royal in the spring and Autumn period to land, including weapons, chariots, clothes; reward object to the princes monarch, showing obvious characteristics of light weight of the emperor's surname surname; reward is a military awards, the other is for these overlord permanent protection. A large-scale land reward to Wang Ji reduced, the royal princes of poverty, growing and expanding, enter the vicious spiral.
The second chapter of the spring and Autumn period. The reward reward scale is to reach the peak of perfection, the land as the main content, the active noble as the main object of reward, the military aristocracy political and economic strength of the rapid growth, has finally become a centrifugal force Jin office politics, resulting in three hours under the tragic ending. At the same time, Jin also attaches great importance to ordinary people and nobles, reward other states, to varying degrees, and achieved good results.
The third chapter gives the spring and Autumn period. During the spring and Autumn period, the reward content is very rich, including a lot of land, food, clothing, building materials and so on, chariots and horses, and the land can be hereditary; broad range of Qi reward when nations first, including the hero, common people, women and so on, in reward when the subject is a priority, especially Qi HuanGong period, external reward involves all States, even when the king of reactive power who abuse reward. Enter the Warring States period, the reward follows characteristics of a wide range of countries, when the general work reward in the top spot, but the unusual to ignore military reward, even did not establish a clear military reward system, instead, to reward the most lucrative literary scholars in other states, this is a rare thing.
The fourth chapter: Chu during the Warring States. The spring and Autumn period, Chu to reward the most stringent control, reward reward object content is meager, strict control for the same surname nobility, and non power cannot obtain the reward, because of this, the office always grasp the state's economy. During the Warring States period, compared with the military sir, Chu is the emperor of Chu, emperor of the implementation of the system is the earliest, the largest number of emperor, and the emperor of the largest fief, hereditary, eventually led to the emperor of the accumulation of strength, Zhanshanweiwang, around the court, when can king.
The fifth chapter from the Warring States period of Qin. Qin really have a massive reward, reward system is mature into the Warring States period, especially Shang Yang Qin Xiaogong appointment after reforms carried out. Firstly, Qin set strict military glory system, greatly inspired the soldiers fighting enthusiasm; secondly, Qin introduced to military minister mainly to the imperial clan ofaristocratic supplement, also includes minions and lobbyists large-scale Feng Jun; finally, in the state of Qin, often given to reward merit, or generally favors to stabilize the monarchical power.
The sixth chapter: the spring and Autumn period other kingdoms. Zheng Guo established a relatively mature reward system in the early years of spring and Autumn period; Lu showed obvious characteristics of propriety in the rite of the awarding activities; as the descendants of the song Yin people's attention and reward for the Shang Dynasty inherited the patriotic content; reward and quite rich meaning. During the Warring States period, Zhao of the military, utilitarianism, clan reward is not inferior to Qin, Chu; Yan Qi Xiong in the most vulnerable, but the content is more substantial reward, reward Yin reward pro, Feng Jun can not be hereditary, compared to Qi, Chu country clan enfeoffment is more progress.
The seventh chapter of the Warring States period. The art of war > reward ideas according to law and flexible conversion method or outside, on the basis of reward reward dialectical judge the situation, thick and thin, all spies, for the formation of offspring reward thought and military reward system plays a very important role. The > reflected reward the thought is rooted in the spring and Autumn period the awarding activities, and combined with the actual situation of the Warring States period, are also affected by the late Warring States period Legalists, showed the development of Shang Jun shu >. < contains rich rewards, put forward the "reward principle a reward", dialectical reward heavy and light. Complete military glory system, how to handle the relationship between punishment and reward, can be said to be the most mature works. Although both Xunzi > awarding thoughts of Confucianism, the two characteristics, but it is clear that the "law" of the Ministry of Unthoroughness. < > points with distinct Hanfeizi on reward thinking method, potential, the perfect combination of operation, to the stable operation of the potential reward reward, reward the implementation method to reward potential, to reward the exercise of and reward reward potential, this reward can play a role in encouraging the biggest.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K225

【引证文献】