明清两湖平原水事纠纷研究

发布时间：2018-05-08 04:24

本文选题：明清时期 + 两湖平原　；参考：《武汉大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 中国是个传统的农业大国,水利是农业的命脉。自古以来,水利就受到国家和各级地方政府的高度重视。两湖平原水土资源大规模的开发源起于明代,一直持续至今。由于降雨丰沛,且年内分配不均,河湖密布,地势低洼,洪涝渍灾害频仍,在此地发展农业,防洪和排涝是必须面临的首要的也是最大的难题。为防洪和排涝,两湖平原的人们沿江河两岸修筑了绵长的堤防,将江河洪水束缚于两岸大堤之间的主河床内,并发明了独特的农田水利工程——垸田。垸田仰赖于垸堤,垸堤可以起到二次防洪的作用。垸田颇类似于长江下游平原的圩田,各有闸RE,可灌可排,是适宜两湖平原独特的地形、地貌和气候特征的独特农田水利工程型式。江河堤防和垸田在两湖平原的经济崛起过程中可谓功勋卓著,明中叶,“湖广熟,天下足”的民谚已在全国范围内流传开来。然而,事物总应一分为二地看待。在总体“湖广熟”繁荣的表象之下,实则掩盖了环境问题。江河堤防和垸田的修筑,虽保证了丰收,却干扰了两湖平原河湖水系自然演变的规律,改变了泥沙的淤积规律,以前呈面状散漫地在两湖平原平均落淤的泥沙,则呈线状地淤积在主河床之中。于是,江河便频频溃口,垸田则积水难消。当人们更加努力地坚筑江河堤防、更加完善垸子的防洪和排水功能之后,仍无法改变洪水、泥沙、地势低洼、气候等自然条件和自然现象对两湖平原洪涝渍灾害的侵袭之时,人们被迫“饮鸩止渴”,即通过筑塞江汉各分流穴口或支河港汊以阻止洪水进入己境,如此来,江汉主河床的淤积进一步加速,河湖水系环境更加恶化,江河防洪压力继续加大,决口泛滥更加频繁。两湖平原陷入了“河湖水系生态失衡——洪涝渍灾害——以邻为壑——河湖水系以剧变的方式寻求新的生态平衡——再破坏河湖水系的自然生态环境——洪涝渍灾害加重——再以邻为壑”的恶性循环之中。每当人们在自然规律面前显得无能为力时,惟一的出路就是人与人之间相互倾轧,以邻为壑,水事纠纷不可避免。随着人口的增加,环境压力的增大,两湖平原的环境愈加不堪重负,愈往后水事纠纷愈加频繁复杂,两湖平原的垸田经济发展史在相当大的程度上就是两湖平原不同水利利益群体之间水利利益的争斗史。两湖平原的水事纠纷种类繁多,如按河湖水系的自然布局和人工修筑的江河堤防划分,可分为左右岸之间的水事纠纷、同岸上下游之间的水事纠纷、堤外洲滩与堤内广大平原之间的水事纠纷；如按行政区划划分,可分为湖北省与湖南省之间的水事纠纷,湖北省内部各级行政区划之间的水事纠纷；如按垸子划分,可分为垸与垸之间的水事纠纷和垸内水事纠纷；如按血缘划分,可分为宗族间与非宗族间的水事纠纷；如按行业划分,有航运业、水产业、种植业、商业等不同行业间的利益冲突而引发的水事纠纷；如按工程类型式划分,可分为疏堵纠纷(或称开塞纠纷)、围垦纠纷、协修纠纷和排渍涝纠纷。此外,平原和山区之间也曾发生过协修纠纷。以上这些水事纠纷往往群发,即交相发生,各类水事纠纷相互纠结,难分彼此,某个或某类水事纠纷往往历经数朝数百年的时间反复地长期地发生,足见两湖平原水事纠纷的密集程度和复杂程度。面对如此密集和复杂的水事纠纷,欲理出头绪,异常困难。本文尊重水事纠纷的客观史实,抽像出水事纠纷的共同特性——地缘特征、行政区划特征、以邻为壑特征和宗族血亲特征；将水事纠纷按照其依托的水利工程分成四类——疏堵纠纷、围垦纠纷、协修纠纷和排涝渍纠纷；通过查找大量文献、档案等资料,在弄清大量水事纠纷的基础上,将两湖平原水事纠纷中的当地人群关系进行了较为切合实际的界定,即居住在同一个地缘的人们拥有共同的水利利益,他们别无选择地(不分贵贱贫富、不计恩怨情仇、不论宗族血亲)组成一个利益群体(也称利益同盟,或称利益共同体),此群体牢不可破、坚不可摧,共同保卫着他们的水利利益不被他方侵害,同时,还争取他们能获得最大限度的水利利益；中央政府和各级地方政府是水利管理部门,享有水事纠纷协调权,本应当站在全局的高度协调水事纠纷,但由于官僚阶层的管理模式和官员之间的微妙关系,或者迫于对河湖水系环境的变迁的无奈,或者是迫于民生问题,或者是迫于政治局势等复杂的自然和社会因素,导致官员在协调解决水事纠纷时会有失公允。总之,水事纠纷是两湖平原水土资源开发到一定程度后的必然产物,水事纠纷的发生和发展又进一步加深了人类对两湖平原自然河湖水系的干扰和破坏,水事纠纷势必升级,人群关系进一步恶化,最终导致两湖平原河湖生态更大程度上的破坏。如何顺应自然规律,保护好我们赖以生存的水环境,当是摆在两湖平原人们面前永远都不会过时的一个永恒的话题,只有在两湖平原的人们与水环境和谐共处的基础之上,才会出现两湖平原各水利利益群体之间的和谐相处。
[Abstract]:China is a traditional agricultural country, water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture. Since ancient times, water conservancy has been highly valued by the state and local governments. The large scale development of water and soil resources in the two lakes plain has been developed in the Ming Dynasty. For the development of agriculture, flood control and drainage is the first and most difficult problem that must be faced. For flood control and drainage, the people of the two lakes have built a long embankment along the banks of the river, bound the river flood to the main riverbed between the banks of the banks of the Taiwan Straits, and invent a unique agricultural project - embankment fields. The embankment can play the role of two flood control. The embankment fields are similar to the polder in the plain of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Each has a sluice of RE, which can be irrigated and discharged. It is a unique type of farmland water conservancy suitable for the unique topography of the two Lakes Plain, the features of the geomorphology and climate. The popular proverbs have been spread throughout the country. However, things should always be divided into two parts. Under the overall "Huguang" prosperity, the environmental problems are concealed. The river embankment and the construction of the embankment fields have guaranteed the harvest, but it interferes with the natural evolution of the water system of the two lakes, and changes the sediment. The silting law, the sediment deposited in the two lakes and plain, which had been scattered in the past, was silted up in the main river bed, and the rivers were in frequent collapse and the embankment fields were hard to accumulate. When people made more efforts to build river levees and improved the functions of embankment flood control and drainage, the flood, sediment and low topography could not be changed. People were forced to "drink poison to quench thirst" when the natural conditions and natural phenomena such as depression, climate and other natural conditions and natural phenomena were forced to "drink poison to quench thirst", that is to say, the river and Han main river beds were further accelerated, the river lake system environment worsened and the flood control pressure of rivers followed. In addition, the flood of the two lakes has fallen into the "ecological imbalance of the river and lake water system - the flood and waterlogging disaster - beggar - beggar - the river lake water system is seeking a new ecological balance in a dramatic change - and then destroying the natural ecological environment of the river and lake water system - the aggravation of the flood waterlogging disaster - and then the beggar of the neighbour" The only way out is that when people are powerless in the face of the laws of nature, the only way out is that people are rolling together, beggar thy neighbour, and the water disputes are unavoidable. As the population increases, the environmental pressure increases, the environment of the two lakes and plains becomes more and more unbearable, and the more frequent and complicated the water disputes, the economy of the embankment fields in the two lakes and plains. To a large extent, the history of development is the history of struggle between water conservancy interests of different water conservancy interests groups in the two lakes plain.
There are a wide variety of water disputes in the two lakes and plains, such as the water disputes between the left and right banks, water disputes between the banks and the banks, the water disputes between the banks and the banks, and the water disputes between the banks of the banks and the vast plains of the dyke, such as the Hubei province and the Hunan province. Water disputes between the various administrative divisions within Hubei Province, such as the water disputes between the embankment and the embankment, can be divided into water disputes between embankments and embankments and water disputes within the embankment, for example, according to the blood division, it can be divided into water disputes between the clan and the non clan; for example, according to the division of the industry, there are shipping, aquaculture, planting, business and so on. Water disputes caused by conflicts of interest between industries, such as the classification of engineering types, can be divided into two categories: obstruction disputes (or plug disputes), reclamation disputes, CO repair disputes and waterlogging disputes. In addition, there have been co repair disputes between the plains and the mountains. These water disputes often occur in groups, namely, intersection and water disputes. It is difficult to get entangled with each other. One or some kind of water disputes often occur over a long period of time for hundreds of years and see the intensity and complexity of the water disputes in the two lakes and plains.
In the face of such a dense and complex water dispute, it is very difficult to get a head thread. This article respects the objective historical facts of water disputes and draws out the common characteristics of water disputes - geo characteristics, administrative divisions, beggar - beggar characteristics and clan blood characteristics; water disputes are divided into four types according to the water conservancy projects they rely on - dredging. Disputes, reclaim disputes, CO repair disputes and waterlogging disputes; by searching a large number of documents, files and other data, on the basis of a large number of water disputes, the relationship between the local people in the water disputes of the two lakes and plains is more realistic, that is, the people living on the same geographical area have common water conservancy interests. This group is unbreakable and unassailable, to defend their water interests not to be infringed by others, and to gain the maximum benefit of water conservancy; the central government. And local governments at all levels are water conservancy management departments and enjoy the right to harmonization of water disputes. It should be in the overall situation to coordinate water disputes, but due to the bureaucratic management pattern and the subtle relationship between officials, or the reluctances to the changes in the river and lake environment, or to the people's livelihood, or to the political situation. Complex natural and social factors lead officials to be unfair in coordinating water disputes.
In a word, water disputes are the inevitable product of the development of water and soil resources in two lakes plains to a certain extent. The occurrence and development of water disputes have further deepened the human interference and destruction to the natural river lake system in the two lakes plain, and the water disputes are bound to escalate, the relationship of the crowd is further deteriorated, and the ecology of the lakes and lakes in the two lakes and plains will be greater to a greater extent. How to comply with the natural law and protect the water environment that we depend on is an eternal topic that will never be out of date in front of the people of two lakes and plains. Only on the basis of the harmonious coexistence of the people and the water environment in the two lakes and plains will the harmonious coexistence between the various water conservancy interests of the two lakes and plains appear.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K248

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