魏晋南北朝时期南方生态环境下的居民生活

发布时间：2018-05-09 15:28

本文选题：魏晋南北朝 + 南方　；参考：《南开大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：自从有人类以来,居民就与其生态环境构成了有机的统一体,居民在一定的生态环境中生活,环境在居民的参与下进行演化。本文尝试用这种观点对魏晋南北朝时期南方生态环境下的居民及其生活进行考察：及考察当时南方的生态环境对于居民及其生活的作用和影响,同时也考察居民的生产生活对环境的作用和影响,以期能对魏晋南北朝时期南方的居民生活做出新的解读。魏晋南北朝时期南方的生态环境由自然的生态环境与人工改造过的生态环境组成。自然的生态环境即自然形成并且依照其内在规律演化的环境,人工改造过的生态环境是人对自然改造后形成的生态环境。当时自然的生态环境总体呈现为：气候以湿热为主,地貌多样,水体丰富,河流众多,森林覆盖率高,动物种类繁多,数量众多。人工改造过的生态环境主要包括农田、水利设施、运河、人工培植的树木园林与牧养的牲畜。当时自然的生态环境比重远远大于人工改造过的生态环境。这种状况对其居民展现出机遇与挑战的双重面貌,一方面以其广阔的空间、温暖的气候、丰富的水体和动植物,为居民生产生活提供了优越的生态环境与生态资源,另一方面,其众多的山地丘陵、茂密的森林和潮湿的气候,又给当时的居民生产生活造成了很大困难。但从总体上看,人与自然的关系是协调的,人在适应与改造其环境中获得了发展,而自然依旧保持着良好的状态与内外部平衡。魏晋南北朝时期南方居民状况颇为复杂：人口数量与分布处于剧烈变化与分布不平衡的状态,居民来源包括土著居民与南迁移民；他们分属汉族与众多少数民族；这一时期形成了世族大地主与依附民两个新的阶层。这种状况的形成,除了复杂的历史社会原因而外,也与当时的生态环境有着密切关系。魏晋南北朝时期南方的居民生活具有明显的时代特色、地域特色、社团特色与发展变化特色。这种状况的形成,除了社会历史原因而外,还与当时生态环境及其变化具有密切的关系。这主要体现在饮食、服饰、居住状况、出行等四个方面。首先是在饮食。关于食材,南方各区域的居民都能就地取材,从自然界直接获取食物,同时人工栽培及饲养具有地方特色的植物、动物作为饮食资源；各地的居民也通过流通来调节互通有无；在饮食消费方面,不同地域、不同民族、不同阶层的居民,都有自己的特色；在饮食的消费观念上,他们也有所不同,这些差异,尽管有着传统、阶级、文化等各种原因,但都与各自具体所处的生态环境有关。其次是服饰。魏晋南北朝时期南方的服饰,依其所用的衣料与使用人数的规模及范围,依次分为麻类、蚕丝类、棉类、葛蕉竹树皮类饰和鸟类羽毛服饰等五类。这与居民各自自然环境密切相关：首先是取材于当地服饰材料资源,其次与当地的气候有关。魏晋南北朝时期南方地区所产的饰品主要由珍珠、翠羽、犀角、玳瑁等为原材料制成,以其数量稀少,所产具有地域限制珍贵。总之,南方的服饰使用,尽管因民族、阶级而有所不同,但它们都具有鲜明的地方特色,这在很大程度上与当地的气候条件及自然资源有关。再次是居所。这一时期少数民族的居住建筑以干栏为主,在山区、水域高低各有差异；在吴越、交广、荆楚巴蜀各区,形制稍有差异。汉族民居在形制、建材使用中,体现出阶级差别：皇室专用山区的贵重木材为木结构宫殿；世家大族所居则多为土木结构的瓦屋,形制较为多样；平民则多居于用以竹类、茅草建造的草屋；修道、隐逸之人也有居石室洞窟者。居所范围再扩大便是聚落,庄园与城市是聚落的不同形式：庄园为世族及其依附民提供生产生活场所；城市本为防御和交易而建,后来成为当地的政治经济文化中心。这一时期南方的民居、聚落和城市都带有明显的地方自然环境特色。最后是出行。南方的交通环境具有地方特色,北方多陆路,南方多水路。不同地域的交通工具不同,山地多乘坐牲畜,水路则主要是船与竹筏。岭南地区所造之船与北方、江南大有不同。交通设施方面,则逆旅兴盛。此时南方居民出行途中比北方危险更多,水路易遭船覆水溺,山路多有毒动植物。因而产生了相应的医药知识与文化策略,特别是《抱朴子·登涉篇》,详细记载南方出行所遇环境危险,及解决方法,不仅是修道人士必备,而且也为一般民众所依赖。这一切,固然带有社会、文化色彩,但也无不与生态环境相关。从以上衣食住行等方面可以看到,魏晋南北朝时南方居民的生活,既有丰富多彩的一面,也有险境丛生的一面,这是南方自然环境对当地居民的双重赠与。而居民们除了从中直接获益,同时也在不断发挥主观能动性去适应、改造自然,以得到更好的生活。这个适应—改造的过程,同时也是开发自然、发展经济的过程,这为唐宋以后南方地区的繁荣发展,奠定了坚实的基础。
[Abstract]:Since human beings, residents have formed organic unity with their ecological environment, the residents live in a certain ecological environment, and the environment evolves under the participation of the residents. This article tries to examine the residents and their lives in the southern and Southern Dynasties in the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties, and examine the ecological ring of the south. In order to make a new interpretation of the life of the people in the southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei, Jin and the southern and Northern Dynasties, the role and influence of the territory to the residents and their lives were also investigated.
The ecological environment in the southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties consists of natural ecological environment and artificial reformed ecological environment. The natural ecological environment is formed naturally and evolves in accordance with its inherent laws. The artificial reformed ecological environment is a natural environment formed by human transformation after natural transformation. The natural ecological environment was generally presented at that time. The climate is mainly wet and hot, the landscape is diverse, the water is rich, the river is numerous, the forest coverage is high, the species of animals are varied and the quantity is large. The artificial ecological environment is mainly farmland, water conservancy facilities, canals, artificial cultivated trees garden and livestock. Ecological environment. This situation shows the dual features of opportunities and challenges for its residents. On the one hand, its vast space, warm climate, rich water and plants and animals provide superior ecological environment and ecological resources for the production and life of the residents. On the other hand, many hills and hills, dense forests and humid climate are also given. The production and life of the people at that time have caused great difficulties. But in general, the relationship between man and nature is coordinated. People have developed in the adaptation and transformation of their environment, while nature still maintains a good state of balance with the inside and outside.
In the period of the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties, the situation of the southern residents was rather complicated: the population and distribution were in a state of intense change and distribution, the source of the inhabitants included the Aboriginal and the migrating immigrants; they belong to the Han nationality and the number of ethnic minorities; this period formed the two new strata of the big landlords and the attached people. In addition to complex historical and social reasons, it is closely related to the ecological environment at that time.
In the southern and Northern Dynasties, life in the southern and Northern Dynasties has obvious characteristics of the times, regional characteristics, community characteristics and characteristics of development and change. In addition to social and historical reasons, the formation of this situation is closely related to the ecological environment and its changes at that time. This is mainly reflected in four aspects, such as diet, clothing, living conditions, and travel.
The first is the food. As for the food, the residents in the southern regions can obtain the materials directly from the natural world, obtain the food directly from the natural world, and artificially cultivate and raise the plants with local characteristics, and the animals as the dietary resources; the residents in various places also regulate the exchange of exchange through circulation; in terms of food consumption, different regions, different ethnic groups and different orders. The residents of the layer have their own characteristics; they are also different in the consumption concept of the diet. These differences, although there are various reasons such as tradition, class, culture, etc., are all related to the specific ecological environment of their own.
The second is clothing. In the southern and Northern Dynasties, the southern and Northern Dynasties were divided into five categories, such as hemp, silk, cotton, kudzu, bamboo bark and bird feathers, according to the size and scope of the clothes used in the southern and Northern Dynasties. This is closely related to the natural environment of the residents: first, it is obtained from the local clothing material resources, followed by the local area. The ornaments produced in the southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties are mainly made of pearls, kingfisher, rhinos and tortoiseshell, which are rare in quantity and are valuable in regional limitations. In a word, the clothing of the south, although different from the ethnic group and class, has distinct local characteristics, which is a great extent. It is related to local climatic conditions and natural resources.
In this period, the residential buildings of the ethnic minorities were mainly dry hurdles, in the mountain areas, and the water and height were different. In Wu Yue, the area of Jingchu and Shu Shu areas, the form system was slightly different. The Han folk dwellings in the form, the use of building materials, reflected the class difference: the precious timber of the Royal mountain area is the wooden structure palace; the family big family resides. It is mostly civil structure tile house, the form is more diverse; the common people are mostly in the bamboo type, thatched cottage built with thatched grass; the monks and the recluse people also have the stone cave grottoes. The residence scope is the settlement, the manor and the city are the different forms of settlement: the Manor provides the production and living places for the family and its dependent people; the city is protected against it. It was built and became a local political, economic and cultural center. In this period, the houses, settlements and cities in the South were characterized by a distinct local natural environment.
The transportation environment in the South has the local characteristics, the North multi land road, the South multi water road. The different transportation tools in different regions are different, the mountainous land takes the livestock, the waterway is mainly the boat and the bamboo raft. The ship made in the south of the Five Ridges area is different from the north and the south of the Yangtze River. More dangerous, waterways are prone to drowning by ships and many poisonous plants and animals. Therefore, the corresponding medical knowledge and cultural strategies are produced, especially the "hug Park", and the detailed records of the environmental hazards and solutions of south travel are not only necessary for the monks but also for the general public. All of this, of course, is a society. It is cultural, but it is also related to the ecological environment.
From the aspects of food and clothing, we can see that the life of the southern residents in the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties is both colorful and peril, which is the dual gift of the natural environment of the south to the local residents. To a better life, the process of adaptation and transformation was also the process of developing nature and developing the economy, which laid a solid foundation for the prosperity and development of the southern region after the Tang and Song dynasties.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K235

【参考文献】