唐代宦游文士之南方生态意象研究

发布时间：2018-05-15 15:17

本文选题：唐代 + 南方　；参考：《南开大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：唐代是我国历史发展进程中最为重要的阶段之一，正是在此时期，南方地区开始了经济、社会、文化的大发展，南方在全国的地位愈加重要。唐代文士也因制度性因素和社会性因素的影响，向南方行进，往返于两京与南方之间。在他们在南方行旅的过程中，随着对南方自然、人文了解的深入，在认知和适应南方生活的同时，也在编织着一幅幅美丽的南方生态图景。唐代文士的南方生态意象，是在继承前代典型南方意象基础之上形成的，因而我们首先要探讨先唐时期人们对南方的认知状况。由于南北在自然、人文上的差异，而当时北方是华夏文化的中心所在，因而他们以北方的标准来评价南方，从而形成诸如“南方卑湿”、“南方多虫毒”、“南方多瘴”及“南方佳山水”等典型的南方意象。同时，我们通过对“橘化为枳”故事的分析，发现，古代人们的地理观念取决于其所接受之文本知识及其对现实生态环境的认知，并伴随着二者的变化而改变。依据唐人的南北地理观念以及对各地自然、文化区域的认识，将南方划分为淮南、江南、江西、荆襄、湘中、巴蜀、岭南、闽中、黔中等九个分区；以区域为单位，对唐代宦游文士关于各地的描述进行具体分析，可以发现文士对南方各地的生态认识不尽相同，这在一定程度上影响了华夏社会对南方社会的认同程度。以气候为例，他们虽然仍坚持中原为天下之中、气候得四方之正，但对江南气候以为“无江南兮江北”，甚至认为扬州之气候也得四方之正；但对偏远如岭南、黔中的气候依旧是相当排斥。唐代，南方各地山水被发现、广名，这反映了文士对南方深入了解，他们不仅在欣赏山水，也早已融入其中，成为当地景观重要的人文因素。尤其是他们的行为和作品，对唐代社会之南方意象的改变有着重要的推动作用，人们了解到南方并非总是炎瘴虫毒，也有青山绿水、名花奇果、珍禽异兽。文士们在向南方移动过程中，由于陌生的自然和人文环境，面临着来自交通、医疗卫生、居住环境等各方面的挑战。在交通方面，陆路行旅不仅要翻山越岭，还要面对来自虎豹蛇虫的动物的攻击；水路行旅则要时刻警惕着大风巨浪的袭击、还要躲避险滩，以及大型水生动物的伤害；为了旅途的安全，当旅行者来到一个地方常要祭拜当地的神灵，以求庇佑。在医疗卫生方面，由于医疗条件较差，缺医少药，，士人们不得不通过自身或群体的努力来应对疾病；从应对形式上来说，有养生、防御、治疗三种方式；从药物资源的获取上来说，有采药、种药、买药、受赠或索要四种途径；而医方则有医书上的医方和自己收集的验方两种。在居住环境方面，“南方卑湿”的观念发生了重大的变化，不仅与“夭折”想剥离，而且文士们认识到南方也有高厚清爽之地、健康长寿之人；在适应南方居住环境的同时，他们也通过自己的努力试图改善南方地区的居住环境，如对茅屋的改造等；在面对南方山区独有的“巢居”时，他们的认识随着自己境遇和情感变化而有所改变，徘徊在理想与现实之间。宦游文士作为华夏社会的代表，在南方各地不断移动，他们认知南方自然、人文的过程，也是南方社会逐步华夏化的过程；他们克服所遇到各种生存、生活困难的过程，正是南北文化交融和碰撞的过程。
[Abstract]:The Tang Dynasty was one of the most important stages in the course of the development of China's history. It was in this period that the southern region began the economic, social and cultural development, and the South's status in the country became more important. The literati of the Tang Dynasty also moved south between the two Beijing and the South because of the institutional and social factors. In the course of the travel, with the deep understanding of nature and humanity in the south, while recognizing and adapting to the life of the south, it is also weaving a beautiful southern ecological picture.
The southern ecological image of the literati in the Tang Dynasty was formed on the basis of the typical southern imagery before inheriting. Therefore, we should first discuss the cognition of the south in the first Tang Dynasty. Because of the difference between the north and the south in nature and the humanities, the North was the center of the Chinese culture at that time, so they evaluated the south by the standard of the north. At the same time, through the analysis of the story of "orange to orange", we find that the ancient people's geographical concept depends on the knowledge of the text accepted by the people and their understanding of the real ecological environment. The change of the two changes.
According to the northern and southern geographical concept of the Tang people, as well as the understanding of the natural and cultural areas in various places, the south is divided into nine divisions in Huainan, Jiangnan, Jiangxi, Jingxiang, Hunan, Bashu, south of the Five Ridges, Fujian and Guizhou, and the specific analysis of the literature of the officials of the officials of the Tang Dynasty by the literati in the Tang Dynasty can be found. In a certain degree, this has influenced the recognition of the Chinese society to the southern society to a certain extent. As an example, they still insist that the central plains are in the middle of the world, the climate is four square, but the climate of the south of the Yangtze River is "no river north" and even the climate of Yangzhou. But it is far from south of the Five Ridges and central Guizhou. The climate was still quite exclusive. In the Tang Dynasty, the mountains and rivers were found and widely known in the south. This reflects the scholars' understanding of the south. They not only appreciate the landscape, but have also become an important human factor in the local landscape, especially their behavior and works, which have an important impetus to the change of the southern image of the Tang Dynasty. Role, people understand that the south is not always toxic miasma, but also has green hills and green waters, famous flowers and rare fruits, rare birds and animals.
In the course of moving to the south, the scholars are confronted with the challenges of traffic, health, and the living environment, due to the strange natural and humanistic environment. In traffic, the land travel is not only going over the mountains and over the mountains, but also facing the attacks from the animals of the tiger leopard. To avoid the dangerous shoals and the harm of large aquatic animals; for the safety of the journey, when travellers come to a place to worship the local gods, in order to protect them, in medical health, because of poor medical conditions, lack of medicine and medicine, people have to deal with the disease through their own or group efforts; from the form of coping, There are three ways of keeping health, defending, and treating. From the acquisition of drug resources, there are four ways of taking medicine, planting medicine, buying medicine, receiving or asking for it, while the medical side has the doctors on medical books and two kinds of tests that they collect. In the living environment, the concept of "humid South" has undergone significant changes, not only to be stripped from "death", but in the living environment. The scholars have realized that the South also has a thick and refreshing place and a healthy and long - lived person. While adapting to the living environment in the south, they also try to improve the living environment in the south, such as the transformation of the huts, and so on. In the face of the unique "nest" in the southern mountains, their understanding is with their own circumstances and feelings. Change and change, wandering between ideal and reality.
As the representative of the Chinese society, the scholars of the official travel are moving in the southern part of the south. They recognize the nature of the South and the process of humanity. They are also the process of the gradual development of the southern society. The process of overcoming the various survival and difficulties of life is the process of blending and colliding between the north and the South cultures.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：X171;K242

【参考文献】