明代官冗与官缺研究

发布时间：2018-05-15 20:02

本文选题：明代 + 官员　；参考：《厦门大学》2001年博士论文

【摘要】： 本文从制度——行为的视角比较详细地考察、分析了明朝官僚政治制度中官冗与官缺问题的几个方面。明代任官资格和主要职官；全国官员数额的增衍；冗官状况和特点；冗官成因及弊政；裁抑冗官的措施及其流向。官缺状况和特点；官缺原因及后果。官冗与官缺之间的联系，对社会经济、国家行政机构运行机制的影响。本文认为：明朝官员队伍庞大。官冗问题伴随明朝始终，，成化时期冗官问题形成，正德时期官员队伍及冗官数额创明代历史最高纪录，而并非人们所认为的嘉万时期。冗官的主要成分依次为武官、传奉官、添注官和地方官等。被裁冗官主要流向为遣回原籍、罢官为民、遣回候缺和致仕等八个去向。冗官造成国困民穷，致使国家有效行政效率低下。本文还认为：嘉万时期的官缺有别于正德以前的官缺，并各具特色。嘉靖时期官缺普遍、程度严重、隐缺不报，而政不废。万历时期因神宗的亲执政柄和社会矛盾的激化等原因，官缺发生了既普遍又深刻的变化，并全面超过了嘉靖时期，突出地表现为官缺时间长、范围广、阖署皆空、长期不补等。神宗不补官缺与其“惜俸给”几乎没有关系。权力之争是嘉万时期官缺的首要原因。官员的增益与废缺既是出于行政管理这一客观需要的产物，也是权力斗争的产物。对明代官冗与官缺现象的研究，有助于、深化了对于中国传统社会行政运作机制的认识。
[Abstract]:From the perspective of system-behavior, this paper analyzes several aspects of the problem of official redundancy and lack in the bureaucratic political system of Ming Dynasty. Ming Dynasty official qualifications and main officials; the increase in the number of officials throughout the country; the status and characteristics of redundant officials; the causes and disadvantages of redundant officials; the measures to cut down redundant officials and their direction. Status and characteristics of lack of officials; reasons and consequences of lack of officials. The relationship between official redundancy and lack of officials, the impact on social economy and the operational mechanism of state administrative organs. This article thinks: the Ming Dynasty official troop is huge. Along with the Ming Dynasty, the problem of official redundancy formed in the Chenghua period, and the number of officials and redundant officials in the Zhengde period was the highest in the history of the Ming Dynasty, but not in the Jiawan period as considered by people. The main components of redundant officials are military attache, preaching official, adding official and local official in turn. The redundant officials were mainly sent back to their places of origin, dismissed for the people, sent back to the missing and official. The redundant official causes the country to be poor, causes the national effective administrative efficiency to be low. This paper also holds that the lack of officials in Jiawan period is different from that before Zhengde and has its own characteristics. Jiajing period of general lack of officials, the degree of serious, hidden and not reported, and the government is not abolished. In Wanli period, because of the aggravation of Shenzong's pro-ruling handle and social contradictions, the lack of officials had both general and profound changes, and exceeded the period of Jiajing in an all-round way, showing prominently that the lack of officials lasted a long time, a wide range, the whole department was empty, and so on for a long time. Shenzong's failure to fill the post had little to do with his "emoluments." The struggle for power was the chief reason for the lack of officials in the Jiawan period. The gains and disappointments of officials are not only the result of the objective need of administration, but also the outcome of power struggle. The research on the phenomenon of official redundancy and lack of officials in Ming Dynasty is helpful to deepen the understanding of Chinese traditional social administrative operation mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：厦门大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：K248

【引证文献】