清军难以攻克大小金川之原因探析

发布时间：2018-05-15 23:21

本文选题：清军 + 难以攻克　；参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：乾隆朝两次金川战争历时久、战况惨烈、耗资巨大,对清代乃至后世产生了深远的影响。一些学者认为这两次战争得不偿失,也有学者将其视为清王朝由盛转衰的标志。也正因此,大小金川战争问题从来都不是一个冷僻的问题,自清代迄今,有不少人对其进行研究。然而,长期以来,人们多以《清高宗实录》、《平定金川方略》、《平定两金川方略》等官书及少量地方志为依托,主要着眼于描绘两次金川战役的过程和结果,以及从清廷的立场出发讨论大小金川战争的性质、影响等问题。因而,为何清军难以攻克大小金川的问题尚无学者进行专门研究,即便偶有涉及,亦不过泛泛而论。有鉴于此,本文尝试运用文献与田野相结合的研究方法,对清军难以攻克大小金川的主客观原因进行深入的探析,即以有关官书为向导,以《金川档》、《军机处录副奏折》、《宫中档朱批奏折》、《宫中档乾隆朝奏折》、《清宫珍藏海兰察满汉文奏折汇编》等相关档案为基础,并结合田野调查资料,着力探究清军难以攻克大小金川的多重原因。就客观因素而言,金川地区险恶的地形、坚固的战碉、恶劣的气候、彪悍善战且同心誓死的番众均给清军的军需运输及战事进程带来巨大的阻遏,使得数万乃至近十万官兵长期陷入进退两难的境地。就主观因素而论,首先,乾隆皇帝在对大小金川不甚了解的情况下仓促出兵,并且,每次出兵前均严重低估了作战难度,这不仅给清军的后勤运输造成巨大压力,还直接影响了清军在战争前期的进剿效率;其次,将弁措置不当且相互间失和则直接给清军进剿带来诸多失误,结果既影响士气,又严重阻碍了战争进程;最后,作为清军主力的绿营官兵怯懦畏战,纪律涣散,而作为清军重要补充力量的从征土兵又不足倚恃,这使得大批清军在与强悍善战的大小金川番人进行对抗时,屡屡受挫,甚至不战而溃。从上面对清军难以攻克大小金川之主客观原因的梳理中可以看到,大小金川番人之所以能够以寡敌众,实与其占尽天时地利且擅长山地战有莫大关系,而清军人数虽众、粮饷和武器亦足,却极大受制于作战区复杂、恶劣的环境,以致难以迅速克敌制胜,与此同时,乾隆皇帝和清军将领的诸多失误,及兵丁之怯懦畏战,均不利于清军有效展开各项军事行动,从而阻碍了战事进程。正是这些主客观因素交互作用,使得大批清军难以攻克两金川。在分析清军难以攻克大小金川的主客观原因的基础上,我们会发现,这两次战争背后还蕴着藏的一些深层次问题。首先,第一次金川战争的爆发,是清廷和大金川土司在土司争夺地盘的问题上存在着很难调和的矛盾之结果。其次,交战双方在作战理念上判然有别。再次,在第一次金川战争中,清军处处屡屡受挫实则暴露了当时国家机器存在着许多弊端。最后,清军能够打赢第二次金川战争,反映了当时国家机器具有较强的调适能力和运转效率。
[Abstract]:The two Jinchuan war of the Qianlong Dynasty has lasted for a long time, the war situation is terrible, the cost is huge, and it has a profound influence on the Qing Dynasty and later generations. Some scholars believe that the two wars are not worth the loss, and some scholars regard it as the symbol of the Qing Dynasty from prosperity and decline. There are a lot of people studying it. However, for a long time, people have been mainly focusing on describing the process and results of the two Jinchuan battles and discussing the nature and influence of the war of Jinchuan from the standpoint of the Qing court, based on the "Qing Gao Zong record", "the Jinchuan general plan", "the two Jinchuan plan" and a small number of local chronicles. Therefore, why the Qing army has difficulty in conquering the problem of large and small Jinchuan has yet to be studied by scholars.
In view of this, this article tries to make a thorough analysis of the subjective and objective reasons for the Qing army, which is difficult to conquer the size of Jinchuan, with the combination of literature and field, that is, the relevant official books are guided by the relevant official books, with the "Jinchuan file", "the military office recording Deputy Memorial", "the palace middle file Zhu batch", the palace middle file Qianlong Dynasty Memorial, and the Qing palace treasures the full Han Wen Memorial. On the basis of related files such as assembler > and other related files, and combining field investigation data, we try to explore the multiple reasons that the Qing army is difficult to conquer the size of Jinchuan. In terms of objective factors, the dangerous terrain in the Jinchuan region, the sturdy battles, the harsh climate, the fierce fighting and the same heart vow to the death of the army all repressed the military transportation and war process of the Qing army. It made tens of thousands and nearly one hundred thousand soldiers in a dilemma for a long time. On the subjective basis, first of all, Emperor Qian Long hurried out troops under the circumstances of small and large Jinchuan, and had seriously underestimated the difficulty of the war before each soldier, which not only caused great pressure to the Qing army, but also had a direct impact on the army in the war. In the early period, the efficiency of the suppression and suppression of the campaign was made. Secondly, mishandling and disagreement with each other brought many mistakes directly to the Qing army. The result not only affected the morale, but also seriously hindered the process of war; finally, the green camp officers and soldiers, as the main force of the Qing army, were cowardly and in the awe and laxity of discipline. A large number of Qing troops have been frustrated and even defeated without confrontation when fighting against the powerful and brave Jinchuan people.
It can be seen from the objective reason that the Qing army is difficult to conquer the main reason of the size of the Jinchuan. The reason why the size of the Jinchuan people can have a great relationship with the enemies of the enemy, which is very strong and good at the mountain war, is very difficult for the Qing army, although the numbers of the army, the rate of grain and the weapons are also very difficult. At the same time, many mistakes made by Emperor Qian Long and the generals of the Qing army and the timid and cowardly war of soldiers were not conducive to the effective deployment of military operations by the Qing army, which hindered the process of war. It was the interaction of these subjective and objective factors that made it difficult for a large number of Qing troops to attack the two Jinchuan.
On the basis of the analysis of the subjective and objective reasons why the Qing army is difficult to conquer the size of Jinchuan, we will find that there are some deep problems hidden behind the two wars. First, the outbreak of the first Jinchuan war is the result of the difficult and reconciled contradiction between the Qing court and the big Jinchuan toast in the Tusi scramble for the territory. Secondly, the double war double. Again, in the first Jinchuan war, in the first Jinchuan war, the Qing army was repeatedly frustrated that there were many drawbacks in the state machine at that time. Finally, the Qing army was able to win the second Jinchuan war, reflecting the strong adjustment and efficiency of the state machine at that time.

【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249.3

【引证文献】