宋代荫补官员与地方政治

发布时间：2018-05-22 10:41

本文选题：荫补官员 + 铨试　；参考：《东北师范大学》2006年硕士论文

【摘要】：在宋代的官僚队伍中,以荫补出身的官员人数为最多,宋初承袭五代荫补旧制,文武官员五品以上都可荫补子弟入仕。在宋真宗大中祥符八年(1015)颁布了宋代第一部荫补法,法令以官员所任官职、差遣等来作为荫补的标准,荫补所授官职大大低于唐代,并且全都是从八品及其以下的武官。到仁宗时,大量的荫补官员入仕,形成了严重的冗官危机,为解决这一问题,北宋朝廷围绕着荫补官员的人数和荫补的品阶,对荫补法进行了修改,虽然改订后的法令没有实行,但对后世影响很大,最终在熙宁时基本完成了对荫补法的修改,形成了固定的模式。按照荫补法的规定,无出身的荫补官员必须经过铨试和呈试,才能参加差注获得差遣。这本是为提高荫补官员的素质而设定的。可是荫补官员凭借其自身的势力、关系往往能免试注官,即使是参加考试,也会用各种作弊手段蒙混过关,很容易通过考试获得出官机会。在出官上,他们作为无出身人按规定要受到限制,主要反映在除授差遣和叙迁两个方面。在差遣方面,一般来讲,荫补官员不得担任高级清要之职。比如,荫补官员一般不能任台谏、两制、外交使节等职。在叙迁上,荫补官员要比有出身的官员慢很多。他们可差注的差遣也主要是地方的监当官以及地方的各级统兵官等。荫补官员大量、长期的在地方任职,对地方的政治有着十分消极的影响。主要表现在财政、兵政和官场风气三个方面。荫补官员大量为监当官,纵容下属吏人残暴征税、损公肥私、中饱私囊,严重阻碍了地方商业的发展。其次,以荫补官员为主的武将群体,一旦带兵到前方征战,便暴露出他们不知兵的弱点,败多胜少,只以刻剥军士为能事,完全达不到保卫地方安宁的任务,甚至激化矛盾,造成兵变。另外,在地方官场中有许多高级官员的子弟,他们有较好的背景,可以通过各种关系来实现自身的升迁、改官,以便跳出“选海”,他们在官场中散播的这种不良风气腐蚀了整个官僚队伍。与荫补出身的官员相比,科举出身的官员对地方政治的影响是积极的。科举出身的官员一般获得亲民差遣,他们在民政方面所做的努力,如平反冤案,兴修水利,开垦良田,捕盗捉寇等,这些有助于减轻并弥补荫补官员在财政、兵政上的消极影响。和荫补出身的官员相比,进纳出身的官员则素质更低,但他们却很难有荫补官员在官场中的背景与势力。历代荫补官员素质普遍不高。不过比较而言,宋代荫补官员所荫补的品阶是最低的,政治地位也不高,但对官僚队伍的影响是最大的。
[Abstract]:Among the bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty, the number of officials who came from Yin-fu was the most. In the early Song Dynasty, the old system of Yin-fu was inherited by the five dynasties, and all the civil and military officials could serve as their children. In the Song Dynasty, the first shade supplement law was promulgated in the Song Dynasty. The official position and dispatch of the officials were regarded as the standard of the shading supplement. The official posts granted by the shading were much lower than those of the Tang Dynasty, and all of them were military attach 茅 s from the eight pings and below. By the time of Rinzong, a large number of shading officials had entered the office, resulting in a serious crisis of redundant officials. In order to solve this problem, the Northern Song Dynasty court revised the law of shading around the number of officials and the rank of shading. Although the revised law was not carried out, it had a great influence on the later generations, and finally completed the modification of the shadow supplement law in Xining, forming a fixed model. According to the shade supplement law, shading officials without birth must pass a civil examination and a trial before they can be sent out. It was designed to improve the quality of shading officials. However, by virtue of their own influence, Yin-Fu officials can often be exempted from the examination, even if they take the exam, they will muddle through with all kinds of cheating means, so they can easily get the chance to get out of the exam. In the official, they are restricted according to the regulations, mainly reflected in two aspects except the sending and relocating. In terms of dispatch, shading officials are generally not allowed to hold senior positions. For example, shading officials are generally not allowed to serve as remonstrants, two systems, and diplomatic envoys. When it comes to relocating, shading officials are much slower than those of birth. They can also be sent to the local warden and local officers at all levels of the army, and so on. A large number of shading officials, long-term local service, has a very negative impact on local politics. Mainly manifested in the financial, military and official atmosphere in three aspects. A large number of shadow officials as prison officials, connivance of subordinates cruel taxation, public gain, private wealth, seriously hindered the development of local business. Secondly, once they lead the army to the front of the army, the group of military generals, who are dominated by shading officials, will expose their weakness. They will not know how to win or win. They will only have to carve out non-commissioned officers as their ability, and they will not be able to achieve the task of safeguarding the peace of the region at all, and even intensify their contradictions. Cause mutiny. In addition, there are children of many senior officials in the local officialdom. They have relatively good backgrounds. They can achieve their own promotion through various relationships and change their officials so that they can jump out of the "election of the sea". The bad atmosphere they spread in the officialdom corroded the entire bureaucracy. Compared with officials of Yimu background, officials of imperial examination have a positive influence on local politics. Officials who came from imperial examinations were generally sent by the people. Their efforts in civil affairs, such as rehabilitating grievances, building water conservancy projects, opening up good fields, and catching bandits and bandits, helped to alleviate and make up for the government officials' finances. The negative influence of military politics. Compared with the officials of Yimu background, the officials who came into the university were less qualified, but it was very difficult for them to have the background and influence of the officials in the officialdom. The quality of shading officials is generally not high. But comparatively speaking, the government officials of the Song Dynasty had the lowest rank and low political status, but had the greatest influence on the bureaucracy.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K244

【引证文献】