从王士俊开垦案看雍正朝官僚政治

发布时间：2018-05-30 10:49

本文选题：王士俊开垦案 + 雍正朝　；参考：《中国人民大学》2005年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文主要围绕王士俊的开垦案分析了雍正朝的官僚政治,以及在开垦过程中皇权对官僚政治的影响。雍正十三年(1735 年)九月,雍正皇帝驾崩。皇四子弘历即位,是为乾隆帝。新皇帝即位后,朝臣们开始对雍正朝诸多政策实施过程中所出现的问题提出了质疑,而最先被指责的就是与王士俊有密切关系的土地开垦事宜。十月,乾隆帝即位还未满一个月,他的老师大学士朱轼上折,对雍正朝的开垦政策提出了全面的批评。他指出许多省份在开垦中存在大量弄虚作假现象。随后,十一月,户部尚书史贻直的奏言更是将矛头直接指向了王士俊所管辖的河南。这样,轰动一时的王士俊开垦案就被揭露出来了。而从王士俊由雍正朝的重臣、宠臣到乾隆朝的罪臣,它说明了伴随着新皇的嗣位,统治政策也将发生变化。但这并非本文所要讨论的议题,本文关注的是,曾经被雍正帝大力倡导却又几乎致王士俊于死地的土地开垦政策及其得失。王士俊作为这一开垦案的主要责任人,在开垦中扮演了主要角色。在他担任河东总督这一段最辉煌的时期里,也是开垦弊端最多的时候。在河南期间,为了报答皇帝的对他的信任,同时也是向皇帝表现他的才干,王士俊把主要精力放在了坚决执行雍正帝的开垦政策上。因此,雍正一直把王士俊视为股肱大臣,宠信有加,甚至超过了田文镜,并将其作为一个典型让其他官员来效法。由于雍正大力鼓励开垦,同时加上雍正用人政策对当时官场产生的强大刺激,以至于官场出现以苛为尚的风气,官员出现以苛为贤的标准。甚至,评价官员贤否的一个主要标准就是看他在任上开垦了多少土地。在这两重因素的作用下,官员们纷纷效仿王士俊,用尽全力来督促开垦,结果许多省份纷纷出现了虚报捏报的情况,于是开垦案便发生了。而在开垦的过程中,以王士俊为代表的一批官僚们在皇权的作用下逐渐转变成“止知有国不知有身,止知有君不知有人”。于是在开垦政策的执行过程中就不可避免地产生了各种累民的弊端,像王士俊那样的开垦案在新皇帝乾隆即位后被揭露出来就不足为怪了。而新皇帝面临的将是对前朝弊端的革除和对前朝政策的调整,作为雍正朝开垦的典型也是被弹劾最多的王士俊在河南的开垦便首当其冲成了新皇帝推行新政的靶子。新皇帝也以此为契机调整前朝的开垦政策,革除苛刻的官场习气,重塑官场规范。
[Abstract]:Based on Wang Shijun's reclamation case, this paper analyzes the bureaucratic politics of Yongzheng Dynasty and the influence of imperial power on bureaucracy in the process of reclamation. In September, Emperor Yongzheng died. The emperor's fourth son, Hongli, became emperor Qianlong. After the new emperor came to power, the courtiers began to question the problems in the implementation of many policies of Yongzheng, and the first one to be accused was land reclamation, which was closely related to Wang Shijun. In October, less than a month before Emperor Qianlong became king, his teacher, Zhu Shi, made a comprehensive criticism of Yongzheng's reclamation policy. He pointed out that many provinces in the reclamation of a large number of fraud phenomenon. Then, in November, Shi Yizhi's speech was directed directly at Wang Shijun's Henan province. In this way, the sensational case of Wang Shijun's reclamation was exposed. From Wang Shijun from the important minister of Yongzheng Dynasty to the criminal minister of Qianlong Dynasty, it shows that the ruling policy will change with the new emperor's heir position. But this is not the topic to be discussed in this paper, this article is concerned about the land reclamation policy, which was advocated by Yongzheng Emperor, but almost caused Wang Shijun to die in the land reclamation policy and its gain and loss. Wang Shijun, as the main person responsible for the reclamation case, played a major role in the reclamation. In his most glorious period as governor of Hedong, he also had the greatest number of abuses. During his stay in Henan, in order to repay the emperor for his trust, but also to show his talent to the emperor, Wang Shijun focused his energy on carrying out the reclamation policy of Yongzheng Emperor resolutely. As a result, Yongzheng has always regarded Wang Shijun as a minister of stock and brachium, favored and even surpassed Tian Wenjing, and used it as a model for other officials to emulate. As Yongzheng strongly encouraged reclamation, plus the strong stimulation of Yongzheng's employment policy to the official field at that time, so that the officialdom appeared to be harsh as a vogue, and officials appeared the standard of taking harshness as merit. Even one of the main criteria for evaluating an official's position is how much land he has cultivated during his tenure. Under the influence of these two factors, officials followed Wang Shijun's example and tried their best to urge reclamation. As a result, many provinces reported false reports, and the reclamation cases occurred. In the process of reclamation, a group of bureaucrats, represented by Wang Shijun, gradually changed under the role of imperial power to "know whether there is a country or not, or whether there is a king or no one." Therefore, in the process of carrying out the reclamation policy, it is inevitable to produce various kinds of malpractices. It is not surprising that the reclamation case like Wang Shijun was exposed after the new emperor Qianlong came to power. The new emperor will be faced with the elimination of the drawbacks of the former dynasty and the adjustment of the policy of the former dynasty. As a typical example of reclamation in Yongzheng Dynasty, Wang Shijun, who was impeached most frequently, was the first target of the new emperor to carry out the new policy in Henan. The new emperor also took this opportunity to adjust the former reclamation policy, to remove harsh official customs, and to reshape official norms.
【学位授予单位】：中国人民大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K249.2

【引证文献】