明代阁臣群体研究

发布时间：2018-06-02 16:38

本文选题：明代 + 内阁　；参考：《华中师范大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 阁臣群体是明初罢中书、废丞相后，几经尝试而形成的一个直接服务于皇权的中央高级辅政官僚群体，也是中国皇权专制统治发展了千余年后所出现的具有鲜明时代特征的新的官僚群体，这个群体在明朝中央政权中所处地位之关键、政治活动参与之广泛、政治作用影响之具体深刻及与明朝国运兴衰联系之密切，应该进一步引起明史研究者的高度重视。本文力图在这方面进行尝试性的探索，以群体为中心，重点论述了以下五个问题：一、梳理分析明代阁臣群体的构成及主要特征。本部分首先阐明了明代阁臣的质的规定性和界定了阁臣的具体数量，主要从阁臣群体的入阁与在阁资格、籍贯分别、入阁前的仕宦履历与入阁年龄结构、任阁职时间及群体的机缘关系五个方面分析阁臣群体构成的特征，旨在说明阁臣群体的来龙去脉及其体现在他们政治生涯当中十分复杂的政治网络关系。这是从整体性上认识评价阁臣群体的重要前提。二、以时代为经、以阁臣主要政治活动内容为纬，系统地论述明朝阁臣群体的政治作为。本部分主要通过阁臣群体帮助皇帝平允庶政、代皇帝言事、为明王朝力挽时艰、向皇帝直陈规谏四个方面分析阁臣群体对明朝军国大事的政治核心参与和居中调理作用，阐明了阁臣群体的辅政活动是积极、具体、实在的。本部分的大量事实表明，阁臣群体始终与明代皇权政治运行相依相伴，阁臣群体政治作为功效的大小与明代政治强弱发展走势呈现出十分明显的正向关系，他们的辅政活动与明代整个国家机器构成了有效的互动，其积极全面的政治作为成功地弥补了因相权缺失可能导致的政治混乱，为明朝的皇权统治度过一个又一个的难关，从而保证了明朝的国运能够延续二百七十六年。把握这些，对如何评价阁臣群体的历史地位具有特别重要的意义。三、从阁臣群体所面临的复杂政治关系、所处政治地位的矛盾性及其政治生存本能需要出发，剖析阁臣群体的人格特性。重点阐明阁臣群体虽然与前代宰相群体有着本质上的不同，但在实际辅政过程中却在很大程度上履行以往宰相所拥有的职责，因而在他们内心世界里仍然存在着浓厚的为相情结，反映在政治行为上则有明显的以相自命之表现；又因为明代阁权完全附属于皇权的属性，阁臣群体在政治上对皇权形成了绝对的依附关系，所以，阁臣群体政治价值和任何个人目的的实现都必须以满足皇帝个人的需要为前提，尽力投皇帝之所好并积极地逢迎皇帝成为阁臣群体复杂的政治需要。同时，历代相延的传统官僚的劣根性和现实政治的特殊性使得阁臣群体中时时表现出非道德性的人格操守。客观地反映与评析阁臣群体的人格特性对于全面地认识阁臣群体必不可少。四、阁臣群体在复杂艰难的政治环境下工作，其政治权力运作格局与政治效能具有密切关联。在明朝的各个不同时期，内阁在国家政治生活中所起的作用是大不一样的，不同的皇帝甚至同一皇帝于不同时段授予内阁的权力轻重有异，阁权的时重时轻使阁臣群体政治能量的发挥受到较多的客观限制，不同时段、不同阁臣权力大小取决于阁臣自身的政治素质及对特殊的政治环境与契机的把握，而阁臣群体在政治舞台上所发挥的政治效能则又与他们的权力运作格局密切相关。分析这些，，有助于认识阁臣群体整体性中的差异性和共性中的个性，进一步理解阁臣群体与明代政治的曲折发展关系。五、力图客观地评价明代阁臣群体的历史地位。在明朝，阁臣群体是有史以来最为特殊的中央官僚政治群体，也是历代皇帝维持统治不可或缺的政治群体。明朝没有显赫的国势，亦鲜出英明的帝王，而政治常能由破损趋于均衡、由倾斜趋于平稳，致有二百七十六年的天下，不从阁臣群体辅国安民的政治作为入手，不仔细分析这个群体与明朝政治兴衰的关系，很难作出令人信服的回答。本文第二、三章以较长的篇幅从具体层面对此作了比较具体的论析，在本文结语中，再次从明朝在废除丞相后为什么还要设内阁辅政，阁臣群体辅政过程中与皇权、部权、宦权的互动关系，阁臣群体辅政的直接效应与潜在影响等方面进一步陈说阁臣群体政治地位与政治作用的重要性，旨在还原明代阁臣群体应有的历史地位。总的来说，作为明代历史研究一个方面的学术尝试，本文在对明代阁臣群体进行研究的过程中，坚持客观分析、重点举述、突出群体的原则，力求描绘出明代阁臣群体基本真实的历史面貌，并期望有助于提高明史爱好者对明代阁臣群体历史作用与历史地位的进一步认识。当然，明代阁臣群体研究是一个既新又颇有难度的课题，涉及到的历史人物、政治关系、历史资料等十分复杂，真正研究起来倍感艰辛，本文只是一个阶段性的研究结果，一些与之密切相关且非常具有研究意义的内容一定会在来日接续上去。
[Abstract]:The Kor Chen group is a new bureaucratic group, which is directly served by the imperial power, and is a new bureaucratic group which has been developed for more than a thousand years after the imperial power has been developed for more than a thousand years. This group is the key to the position of the group in the central government of the Ming Dynasty. The extensive participation of the governance activities, the profound influence of the political role and the close connection with the prosperity and decline of the Ming Dynasty, should further arouse the attention of the researchers of the Ming Dynasty. This article tries to make a tentative exploration in this field and focus on the group, focusing on the following five problems:
First, this part clarifies the composition and main characteristics of the Kor Chen group in the Ming Dynasty. This part first clarifies the quality regulation of the Kor Chen in the Ming Dynasty and defines the specific quantity of the cabinet, mainly from the cabinet of the cabinet of the cabinet and the qualifications of the cabinet, the native place, the age structure of the official history and the entrance of the cabinet, and the relationship between the time of the cabinet and the relationship of the group. The analysis of the characteristics of the kemchen group aims at explaining the origin of the Kemen group and its complex political network relations in their political career. This is an important prerequisite for the overall understanding of the evaluation of the Kemen group.
Two, taking the times as the classics and taking the main political activities of Kor Chen as the weft, this paper systematically expounds the political action of the imperial courtier group in the Ming Dynasty. This part mainly through the Kor Chen group to help the emperor to calm the common politics, and give the emperor to say things, for the Ming Dynasty to save time and hard, to analyze the political core of the military state affairs in the Ming Dynasty by the emperor's admonition in the four aspects. In this part, a large number of facts show that the Kor Chen Group has always been associated with the political operation of the Ming Dynasty and the political power of the Ming Dynasty has a very obvious positive relationship with the development trend of the political strength and weakness of the Ming Dynasty. Political activities have formed an effective interaction with the whole national machinery in the Ming Dynasty, and its positive and comprehensive politics successfully made up for the political confusion that may lead to the lack of phase rights, and spent one of the other difficulties for the imperial rule of the Ming Dynasty, thus ensuring the continuation of the Ming Dynasty's national transport for two hundred and seventy-six years. The historical status of the ministers is of special importance.
Three, from the complex political relations faced by the chancellor group, the contradiction of the political status and the instinct of political survival, the personality characteristics of the chancellor group are analyzed. It is pointed out that the chancellor group is essentially different from the former Prime Minister group, but in the process of practical administration, the chancellor group has carried out the former prime minister to a large extent. Some responsibilities, therefore, still exist in their inner world, there is still a strong phase complex, reflected in the political behavior, there is a clear expression of self life; and because the power of the Ming Dynasty is completely attached to the property of the imperial power, the cabinet group has formed an absolute dependence on the imperial power in politics. So, the political value of the Kor Chen group and any of them The realization of personal purpose must be on the premise of meeting the needs of the emperor's personal needs, trying to make the best of the emperor and actively welcome the emperor to become the complex political needs of the imperial courtier group. At the same time, the inferiority of the traditional bureaucrats and the particularity of the realistic politics in the past dynasties make the personalities of the kamchen group present a non moral personality ethics. Reflecting and analyzing the personality characteristics of the cabinet ministers is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the cabinet ministers.
Four, the courtier group works in a complex and difficult political environment, and its political power operation pattern is closely related to the political effectiveness. In different periods of the Ming Dynasty, the role of the cabinet in the political life of the state is very different, and the power of the different emperors and even the same Emperor at different periods of time is different in the power of the cabinet. When the right time is heavy, the political energy of the group of courtier groups is restricted by more objective. Different times, the power of different courtiers depends on the political quality of his own courtiers and the special political environment and opportunity, while the political efficiency of the cabinet group on the political stage is closely related to their power operation pattern. It is helpful to understand the differences in the integrity of the courtier group and the individuality in the generality, and to further understand the zigzag development relationship between the Kor Chen group and the politics of the Ming Dynasty.
Five, trying to objectively evaluate the historical status of the Kemen group in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the Kemen group was the most special central bureaucratic group in the history of the Ming Dynasty. It was also an indispensable political group for the emperors to maintain its rule. For two hundred and seventy-six years, it is difficult to make a convincing answer to the relationship between the group and the political prosperity and decline of the Ming Dynasty. The second, third chapter of this paper makes a more specific analysis from the specific level, and again from the conclusion of this article, from the conclusion of this article. After the abolition of the prime minister, why should the Ming Dynasty set up a cabinet assistant administration, the interaction relationship with the imperial power, the Ministry power, the eunuch power, the direct effect and the potential influence of the Kor Chen group, the importance of the political status and political role of the Kor Chen group, in order to restore the historical status of the Kor Chen group in the Ming Dynasty.
Generally speaking, as an academic attempt in the study of the Ming Dynasty history, this article, in the process of studying the group of Katsu in the Ming Dynasty, insists on the objective analysis, focusing on the principles of the group, and striving to describe the basic true historical features of the Kor Chen group in the Ming Dynasty, and hope to improve the history of the Ming Dynasty enthusiasts to the group calendar of the Katsu in the Ming Dynasty. Of course, the study of the imperial courtier group in the Ming Dynasty is a new and difficult subject. The historical figures, political relations and historical data are very complicated, and it is very difficult to study. This paper is only a phase of research results, some closely related and very research. The content of meaning is bound to go on in the coming day.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K248

【引证文献】