宋代正规军军事训练初探

发布时间：2018-06-12 15:31

本文选题：宋代 + 正规军　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】： 军事训练作为提高军队战斗力的重要途径,历来深受重视。宋代由于军事力量相对较弱,因此其军事训练也经常以“教阅不精”等语言形容。作为一个庞大帝国,其军事训练是否就一无是处?这一点恐怕很值得商榷。目前学术界对宋代军事训练的研究相对缺乏全面深入探讨,一般来说都是贬多褒少,因而对于宋代军事训练的开展情况与训练内容需要进行全面认识。笔者在前人研究的基础上,拟对宋代正规军军事训练进行探讨。第一章首先对宋代之前军事训练发展状况进行简介。军事训练从史前起源,至夏商西周时期初步形成以“剱狩”为主要内容的训练体系,春秋战国之后,随着社会进步、战争形式的变化,旧有军事训练已经不能适应新时代战争的要求,经过当时众多兵家的共同努力,中国古代冷兵器时代军事训练理论体系初步建立,其影响长达数千年。第二章对宋代军事训练发展脉络及各时期的特征进行初步研究。宋初军事训练主要承袭中唐五代以来训练规制,前代尚武遗风犹在,一批经过五代乱世的优秀将领仍在军事领域发挥重要作用,加上宋太祖即为武人出身,此时期军事训练开展比较理想,宋军对外作战也相当辉煌。宋太宗之后随着“崇文抑武”国策的逐步推行,武将地位下降,素质也难以保证。尽管中央政府依然很重视军事训练,但由于在组训者一环出现较大问题,军事训练在具体实施过程中,已经出现下滑趋势。加上宋真宗时期宋辽澶渊之盟签订,军事训练渐渐被忽视,直至宋仁宗年间在宋夏战争中暴露无遗。经过了战争的惨痛教训,宋政府对军事训练进行了一系列改良,并对宋初以来相对合理的训练方法继续加以重视,加强法令、增加赏赐,改变不适合时代的训练措施。一系列训练措施使宋军战斗素质发生很大变化。宋神宗时期的整军活动以提高军队素质作为主要目标,军事训练作为重点突破口,不断对训练措施加以改良,推行“将兵法”等新政策。而训练内容则由于技术方面制约,从宋初至今并没有根本变化,只是更趋合理。宋神宗当政时军事训练的效果相当明显,宋军在数次对外作战的表现也比较出色。北宋末年宋徽宗集团的腐朽统治不可避免影响到军事训练,内地禁军训练几乎陷于停顿。西北地区由于对西夏作战需要,训练比较正常,军队素质相对较高,这部分军队也构成了北宋末、南宋初中央政府主要军事力量。南宋初年军事训练主要由各大将独立完成,经过战火洗礼,南宋优秀将领总结出许多因地制宜训练方法,而实战中的经验更是军事训练最难得经验。在内容上,南宋军事训练承袭北宋在军事训练中的侧重点,并以实际战争需要灵活改变。宋孝宗整顿武备的雄心对军事训练来说非常必要,灵活的训练措施,严格法纪,使南宋军队在宋孝宗的激励下训练情况相当不错,可惜没有经过实战检验。南宋后期的军事训练大概能够沿原有轨迹发展,因为连续不断战争迫使政府必须重视军训,而此时南宋军队中装备不少火器,这是一种能够引起军事训练革命的武器装备。此外南宋缘地定势,水军比较发达,水军训练也广受重视。第三章将对宋代步兵训练内容进行探讨。步兵在宋代军队中占有主体地位,以弓弩训练为重点,既有力量、又有准确性训练。而弓弩之外的其他兵器训练也依作用不同,训练力度均有不同。步兵队形训练历来很受重视,经过对旗鼓金等信号的熟悉,士兵才能在战场上做到整齐划一,保证队形严密,发挥集团作战优势。第四章将对宋代骑兵训练进行论述。宋代由于种种原因,骑兵建设一直不甚理想,骑兵所占比例较少,但是骑兵训练的内容依旧很丰富。十分注重骑兵的马上技术训练,各种武器的应用规制也很严格。但是宋代骑兵没有形成集团优势,战术地位主要是从属步兵之下,其战术训练也与步兵相差不大。第五章主要介绍宋代水军训练。两宋尤其是南宋水军相当发达,当时水军训练内容依旧以冷兵器为主,弓弩远距离攻击,枪刀近战。所练各种阵法也主要是陆军阵法的改进,但是水军在南宋晚期出现了部分火器,对此训练也相应作出改变。第六章探讨宋代协同作战训练。协同作战训练就是保证军队能在战斗中各兵种协同作战,发挥集团优势,取得胜利。两宋对此进行过相当多的研究,最终形成了“以步制骑”的训练特色。第七章将对宋代军事训练的特点以及不足进行论述。宋代军事训练基于宋代的政治、经济、军事技术和战略目的,形成了三个鲜明特点,在当时为保障国家安全产生了不错效果。但是宋弊端也同样突出,存在种种问题,很值得后世加以借鉴。
[Abstract]:As an important way to improve the combat effectiveness of the army, military training has always been paid much attention. As a result of the relatively weak military force in the Song Dynasty, its military training is often described as "unrefined" and other languages. As a huge empire, is its military training worthless? This is a question to be discussed. At present, the academic circle of Song Daijun The research on the training of the matter is relatively lack of a comprehensive and thorough discussion. Generally speaking, it is degrading and commendatory, so it is necessary to fully understand the situation and training content of the military training in the Song Dynasty. On the basis of the previous research, the author intends to discuss the military training of the regular army in the Song Dynasty.
The first chapter introduces the development of military training before the Song Dynasty. From the origin of the history of military training to the Xia Shang Dynasty, the training system was formed primarily in the period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. After the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States, with the social progress and the change of the form of the war, the old military training was unable to adapt to the requirements of the new era war. With the joint efforts of many soldiers at that time, the theoretical system of military training in the ancient cold weapon era of China was initially established, and its influence lasted for thousands of years.
The second chapter carried out a preliminary study on the development of the military training in the Song Dynasty and the characteristics of each period. The military training in the early Song Dynasty mainly inherited the training regulation since the Five Dynasties of the middle Tang Dynasty. The previous generation of martial arts remains still in the military field. A batch of outstanding generals who have passed the five generation of chaos still play an important role in the military field, and the military training of the song Tai Zong, that is, is the military training of the samurai. It is quite ideal to carry out the military operations of the song army. After the gradual implementation of the national policy of "Chongwen restraining martial arts", the status of the military general has declined and the quality is difficult to guarantee. Although the central government still attaches great importance to the military training, the military training has appeared in the process of the implementation of the military training in the process of concrete implementation, although the central government still attaches great importance to the military training. With the signing of the alliance between Song Liao and Liao Dynasty in the Song Zhenzong period, the military training was gradually ignored until the period of the war in the song and Xia dynasties. After the painful lessons of the war, the Song government made a series of improvements to the military training, and continued to pay attention to the relatively reasonable training methods since the early Song Dynasty, strengthen the decrees and increase the law. A series of training measures have greatly changed the combat quality of song army.
The whole army activities in the period of Song Shenzong were the main goal to improve the quality of the army. Military training was the key breakthrough, the training measures were constantly improved and the "military law" was carried out. The training content has not changed radically from the beginning of the Song Dynasty to the present, but it is more reasonable. The military training of Song Shenzong's administration. The effect of the practice was quite obvious, and the performance of Song Jun was also outstanding in several foreign operations. The decadent rule of the Song Hui song group in the last year of the Northern Song Dynasty inevitably affected the military training. The training of the army in the mainland was almost stopped. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the main force of the central government in the Southern Song Dynasty was the main force.
The military training in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty was completed by the major general, and after the war of war, the outstanding generals of the Southern Song Dynasty summed up a lot of training methods for local conditions, and the experience in the actual combat was the most rare experience of military training. In content, the military training in the Southern Song Dynasty inherited the emphasis of the Northern Song in the military training, and changed it flexibly with the actual war. Song Xiaozong's ambition to rectify the armed forces was very necessary for military training, flexible training measures and strict law and discipline, so that the training of the Southern Song army under the encouragement of Song Xiaozong was quite good. Unfortunately, there was no actual test. The military training in the late Southern Song Dynasty could probably develop along the original track, because the continuous war forced the government to be obliged. The military training was attached to the military training. In the Southern Song Dynasty, many firearms were equipped, which was a weapon that could cause the revolution of military training. In addition, the Southern Song Dynasty was established, the water army was more developed, and the training of the water army was also paid much attention.
The third chapter will discuss the training content of the infantry in the Song Dynasty. The infantry occupies the main position in the Song Dynasty, focusing on the training of the bow and crossbow, with both strength and accuracy training. And the training of other weapons outside the bow and crossbow is different according to its function. The training of infantry formation has always been paid much attention to, after the signal of the flag and drum gold and so on. With the familiarity of the soldiers, the soldiers can be uniform on the battlefield to ensure a tight formation and give full play to the superiority of group operations.
The fourth chapter will discuss the cavalry training in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, because of various reasons, the cavalry construction was not ideal, the cavalry occupied a small proportion, but the content of the cavalry training was still very rich. The position is mainly subordinate to infantry, and its tactical training is not much different from that of infantry.
The fifth chapter mainly introduces the water army training in the Song Dynasty. The water army of the two song, especially the Southern Song Dynasty, is quite developed. At that time, the training content of the water army was still mainly cold weapons, the long distance attack of the bow and crossbow, the rifle knife near war. The various methods of practice were also the improvement of the army formation, but the water army produced some firearms in the late Southern Song Dynasty, and the training also changed accordingly.
The sixth chapter discusses the cooperative combat training in the Song Dynasty. Cooperative combat training is to ensure that the army can cooperate with each other in the battle, play the advantage of the group and win the victory. Two song has done a lot of research on this, and finally formed the training characteristic of "step by step".
The seventh chapter will discuss the characteristics and shortcomings of the military training in the Song Dynasty. The military training of the Song Dynasty, based on the political, economic, military technology and strategic objectives of the Song Dynasty, has formed three distinct characteristics and has produced a good effect for the security of the state at that time. However, the defects of the Song Dynasty are also outstanding, and there are various problems, which are worthy of reference to the later generations.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K244

【引证文献】