清代晋北地区土地利用及驱动因素研究

发布时间：2018-06-27 17:29

本文选题：清代 + 晋北　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：土地利用是全球变化最直接、最重要的表现,是研究自然与人文过程的理想切入点。土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)研究计划的提出,使土地利用变化研究成为目前全球变化研究的前沿和热点,其中对生态环境脆弱区的土地利用变化研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。晋北地区位于我国黄土高原东北部,属于北方农牧交错带,地形地貌复杂,生态环境脆弱。本文主要工作包括复原清代晋北地区农业土地利用过程和变化,并从多方面、多角度对土地利用变化的驱动因素进行深入分析。为了更好地研究这一主题,本文在充分讨论区域土地的自然属性和社会经济属性、土地登记制度等相关问题的基础上,对区域土地利用过程、变化展开讨论,从农作物的种植与分布角度展现土地利用的具体状态,并从生计多样性的角度分析土地利用方式的区域差异,最后,对区域土地利用变化驱动力进行深入讨论。本文有步骤、有铺垫地对清代晋北地区土地利用过程、变化及驱动因素问题进行讨论,更是以土地利用为平台展开的人地关系探讨。土地的自然属性与土地利用关系密切。从自然环境的常态和自然灾害角度对区域自然环境进行宏观把握并分析区域特征,初步分析该环境对于区域土地利用尤其是农业生产的影响。清代晋北地形地貌复杂多样,气候较今寒冷,降水山地多于平地,年季分配不均,境内水环境、土壤、植被等区域差异表现明显。自然灾害讨论中主要对旱灾进行统计分析,认为旱灾发生频次整体平稳中稍有下降；旱灾发生等级稍呈上升趋势,并将重建旱灾序列与现有雨季序列比对,结果呈现一致性,较好说明清代晋北气候特征及变化。作为区域土地利用的重要背景,本文对区域土地关系加以关注。研究发现：清代晋北官田、民田格局逐渐形成后出现一些变化,主要表现为卫所屯田、赡军地、牧场地等官田民地化；不同区域内至清末出现土地买卖频繁的现象,但原因不同；认为清代(至少在清末)晋北存在永佃制,但分布具有区域性,并且存在不完全永佃和地域特色的永佃；认为土地分配与租佃形态存在区域差异,分成租制比较普遍,不能以单一的因素来解释租佃关系的形成；清政府对土地买卖、租佃的管理主要体现在契税的征收,国家层面的管理需要和地方实情相结合,会受到地方整体环境的制约。晋北土地关系特征反映了晋北农业经济的落后,同时与区域生态环境密不可分,会对区域土地利用产生影响。土地登记制度及田赋税额确定内容的讨论,主要涉及明清山西土地清丈与土地登记制度的演变、税额确定以及田赋征收的区域自主性等问题。通过由明至清山西地区土地清丈、政府对于土地登记的管理以及地方社会的自主性等问题的讨论,对明清山西土地登记制度提出若干看法,包括对于明代万历山西清丈的认识,对于明清山西土地登记制度的认识,以及对于山西册载田赋数据的评价。其中比较核心的观点是认为明代山西折亩广泛存在,清代继续延续这种习惯,并逐渐形成折亩基础上的级差赋税。田赋数据变化可以反映土地利用变化趋势,目前只能对部分州县土地数字尝试修订。在此基础上,对清代晋北地区耕地利用的时空分布进行探讨,包括来自田赋数据的整体考察和来自部分县级数据修订的区域考察。整体讨论了县级册载田赋数据的数值与分布,数据显示清代晋北地区耕地利用的变化不大,土地垦殖在乾隆时期达到峰值,没有继续增长,稍有下降,整体波动不大。又在相关可行性分析的基础上,对部分州县耕地数据进行修订考察,结果显示修订后的明清数据与1953年数据较为符合,各县数据变化趋势基本一致,同各时期田赋税亩相比,要高于田赋税亩的可靠性。其后文章对时间断面下的土地垦殖率和人均耕地进行分析,总体显示本次修订是较为可信的。认为这种修订结果一定程度上反映了区域土地利用特征,不具有全面性但具有一定区域代表性。清代晋北地区土地垦殖过程总体分为明末清初的土地抛荒期,清初至乾隆时期的土地复垦期以及乾隆以后土地垦殖的下降期。清代晋北农作物种植受区域地理环境的影响比较显著,作物种类较少,种植结构单一。黍、稷、粟、粱等传统作物普遍种植,麦类作物种植比例不高,很少种宿麦。莜麦、荞麦和胡麻是本区特色作物,种植广泛。稻类作物只在黄河、滹沱河、桑干河沿岸略有种植。随着马铃薯、玉米等美洲作物的传入,晋北的作物种植结构发生改变,尤其体现在马铃薯的引种及发展方面。晚清罂粟在晋北地区的广泛种植是作物种植结构改变的另一个突出表现,罂粟种植屡禁不止,利益的驱动、人为因素等是作物种植结构发生改变的重要因素。文末对清代晋北作物种植制度进行总结。从民众生计多样性的角度分析了清代晋北地区土地利用方式的区域差异。农业方面充分展现了土地利用区域差异的普遍存在,乡民能够因地制宜的发展农业生产。清代晋北地区的林地主要分布在晋西北管涔山、芦芽山、五台山等山区,晋西北山区农林转化比较突出,山区乡民已经认识到滥砍滥伐、毁林开荒等带来的严重影响,采取了一些护林措施。牧业方面,晋北大朔地区、晋西北宁武、保德等地、五台山地区等都广泛分布草地资源,牧业发达,民众多以牧养为生,充分体现研究区域农牧交错的地域特征。清代晋北地区煤炭资源丰富,雁北、晋西北、五台山等地都广泛分布,与乡民生活息息相关。晋北土盐主要分布于大同盆地和忻定盆地,土盐的生产及销售与区域土地利用问题关系密切。采集业等其他营生方式的选择体现了人类活动对环境的适应调整,环境压力下的人口外流、出口谋生行为也是本区土地利用状况的一种反映。文章最后从自然因素和人文因素两个大类讨论了清代晋北土地利用的驱动因素问题。关于自然因素的讨论主要从自然常态因素和自然灾害两方面展开论述,人文因素主要从土地垦殖政策、卫所行政化、田赋制度、人口、战争、民族、宗教、风俗等方面进行分析。论述中注意把握两个问题,一是所考虑的因素是否具有驱动力,二是如何驱动,驱动力程度如何。研究认为种种人文因素都要落脚于自然因素之上,与之发生综合,作用于土地利用,充分显示晋北地区自然因素的制约作用,这属于第一层面,第二个需要关注的层面是制度政策方面的驱动,晋北地方土地利用对于这些政策的实施显现出其应有的敏感性,第三个层面来自于人口、战争等方面的影响,民族、宗教、风俗习惯等社会文化方面的驱动因素属于第四个层面。历史时期土地利用变化的驱动因素是复杂多样的,这种复杂不仅来源于驱动因子的多样,还在于作用机制的复杂,往往并不是某种单一的驱动因子孤立地对土地利用发生作用。
[Abstract]:Land use is the most direct and important performance of global change. It is an ideal breakthrough point for the study of natural and human processes. Land use / land cover change (LUCC) research program has made the study of land use change become the frontier and hot spot of global change research at present. The North Shanxi area is located in the northeast of the Loess Plateau of China, which belongs to the northern agro pastoral ecotone. The terrain and landforms are complex and the ecological environment is fragile. The main work of this paper is to restore the process and change of agricultural land use in the northern Shanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty, and to carry out the driving factors of the land use change from many aspects. In - depth analysis.
In order to study this subject better, this paper discusses the process of regional land use and changes the specific state of land use from the point of view of the variety of livelihoods on the basis of the related issues such as the natural attributes and socioeconomic attributes of regional land, the land registration system and other related problems. The regional differences in land use patterns are analyzed. Finally, the driving forces of regional land use change are discussed in depth. This paper has steps to discuss the land use process, change and driving factors in the northern Shanxi area of the Qing Dynasty, and the land use as a platform to explore the relationship between land and land.
The natural property of the land is closely related to the land use. From the natural environment and natural disasters, the regional natural environment is grasped and analyzed, and the influence of the environment on the regional land use, especially the agricultural production is preliminarily analyzed. The topography of the northern Shanxi Province is complex and varied, the climate is cold and the mountain area is precipitation. More than flat land, the annual seasonal distribution is uneven, the regional water environment, soil, vegetation and other regional differences are obvious. In the discussion of natural disasters, the drought disaster is mainly statistically analyzed, and it is considered that the frequency of drought is slightly decreased in overall stability; the grade of drought disaster is slightly upward trend, and the reconstruction drought sequence is compared with the existing rain season sequence, and the result is presented. Consistency shows the climate characteristics and changes in northern Shanxi in the Qing Dynasty.
As an important background of regional land use, this paper pays attention to the regional land relationship. It is found that there are some changes after the gradual formation of the pattern of civil field in the northern Shanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty. It holds that the Qing Dynasty (at least in the late Qing Dynasty) has the permanent tenancy system in the northern Shanxi Province, but the distribution is regional, and there is a permanent tenancy of not completely permanent tenancy and regional characteristics; there is a regional difference between the land distribution and tenancy form, and it is divided into renting system, which can not explain the formation of the tenancy relationship with a single factor; the Qing government deals with land and rents the land. The management of the tenancy is mainly embodied in the levying of the deed tax. The management of the state needs to be combined with the local facts and will be restricted by the local environment. The characteristics of the land relationship in the north of Shanxi reflect the backwardness of the agricultural economy in northern Shanxi, and are closely related to the regional ecological environment, and will have an impact on the land use in the region.
The discussion on the system of land registration and the content of the tax amount of the farmland mainly involves the evolution of the land clearance and land registration system in Shanxi in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the determination of the tax amount and the regional autonomy of the land expropriation. Through the land clearance from the Ming to the Qing Dynasty, the government's management of the land registration and the autonomy of the local society. The paper puts forward some views on the land registration system in Shanxi in Ming and Qing Dynasties, including the understanding of the Qing Dynasty in Shanxi in the Ming Dynasty, the understanding of the land registration system in Shanxi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the evaluation of the data on the volume of the farmland contained in Shanxi, which is the core of which is that the Qing Dynasty has a widespread existence in Shanxi, and the Qing Dynasty continues to continue this habit, and The change of land tax data can reflect the trend of land use change. At present, only some counties and counties can be revised.
On this basis, the temporal and spatial distribution of cultivated land utilization in the northern Shanxi area of the Qing Dynasty was discussed, including the overall survey of the farmland data and the regional survey from some county data revisions. The numerical value and distribution of the farmland data on the county level were discussed as a whole. The data showed that the land use of the northern Shanxi Province was not changed, and the land was cultivated in the dry land. On the basis of the relevant feasibility analysis, the cultivated land data of some states and counties were revised and investigated. The results showed that the revised Ming and Qing data were more consistent with the 1953 data, and the trend of data change in each county was basically consistent, and compared with the farmland tax in each period, it should be higher. After the analysis of land reclamation rate and per capita cultivated land under the time section, the article shows that this revision is more credible. It is believed that the revised results reflect the characteristics of regional land use to a certain extent, not comprehensive but with a definite regional representation. Land reclamation in the northern Shanxi area of the Qing Dynasty was reclaimed. The whole process is divided into the period of land abandonment in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the land reclamation period from the early Qing Dynasty to the Qianlong period and the decline period of land reclamation after Qianlong.
The crops planting in the northern part of the Jin Dynasty was significantly affected by regional geographic environment, with less crop species and single planting structure. The traditional crops such as millet, millet, millet and sorghum were widely cultivated, and the proportion of wheat crops was not high, and there were few species of Lodge. Naked oats, buckwheat and flax were the characteristics of this area and were widely cultivated. The rice crops were only in the Yellow River, Hutuo and Sanger rivers. Along with the introduction of the American crops such as potatoes and corn, the planting structure of the crops in the northern Shanxi province changed, especially in the introduction and development of the potato. The extensive cultivation of the poppy in the north of Shanxi was another prominent manifestation of the change of crop planting structure in the late Qing Dynasty. Vegetarian and so on are important factors for the change of crop planting structure.
The regional differences in land use patterns in the northern Shanxi region of the Qing Dynasty were analyzed from the perspective of the diversity of the livelihood of the people in the Qing Dynasty. The agricultural aspects fully demonstrated the common existence of regional differences in land use, and the villagers could develop agricultural production in the light of local conditions. The forest land in the northern Shanxi Province was mainly distributed in the mountains of the Mt. The transformation of agroforestry in the mountainous areas of Northwestern Shanxi is relatively prominent. The villagers in the mountain areas have already realized the serious effects of deforestation and deforestation, and have taken some forest protection measures. Pasture resources are widely distributed in the pastoral areas, the North Shanxi North shinoo region, the northwest of Shanxi Ningwu, Baode and other places in the Mount Wutai area. In the Qing Dynasty, the northern Shanxi Province is rich in coal resources, the north of the Shanxi, the northwest of Shanxi, the Mount Wutai and other places are widely distributed, which are closely related to the life of the villagers. The soil salt in the north of Shanxi is mainly distributed in Datong Basin and Xinding Basin, and the production and sale of soil salt are closely related to the problem of regional land use. The choice of the way reflects the adaptation of the human activities to the environment, the outflow of the population under the environmental pressure and the export of livelihood is also a reflection of the land use situation in this area.
In the end, the paper discusses the driving factors of land use in the northern Shanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty from two major categories of natural and humanistic factors. The discussion of natural factors mainly from two aspects of natural factors and natural disasters. The human factors are mainly from the land reclamation policy, the government, the farmland system, the population, the war, the nationality, and the religion. Analysis of customs and other aspects. In the discussion, two problems are taken into account, one is whether the factors considered are driving force, the two is how to drive and how the driving force is, and the research holds that all kinds of human factors should fall on the natural factors and integrate with the natural factors, which can fully display the constraints of natural factors in the northern Shanxi region. This belongs to the first level. The second level of concern is the drive of institutional policy. The land use of the northern Shanxi Province shows its due sensitivity to the implementation of these policies. The third levels come from the influence of population, war and other aspects, and the driving factors of the social and cultural aspects such as ethnic, religious and custom are belong to the third. Four levels. The driving factors of land use change in historical period are complex and diverse. This complexity is not only due to the diversity of driving factors but also the complexity of the mechanism of action, which is often not a single driving factor in isolation of land use.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K249;F301

【参考文献】