明代中菲贸易研究

发布时间：2018-06-28 19:21

本文选题：明代 + 菲律宾　；参考：《山东大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 十六、十七世纪，欧洲社会发生巨变，新航路开辟、海外殖民、文艺复兴、宗教改革等，开启了近代化的进程。此时中国正是明王朝统治的后期，整个社会虽然一度繁荣，却难有大的突破。西方人的东来，打开了东西方两大文明直接交流的大门，传统社会受到很大冲击。1571年西班牙占领菲律宾，中菲贸易很快发展起来，同明代前期形成了鲜明对比。研究明代中菲贸易，，是研究明代中菲关系中最重要的内容，而且对研究明代中国社会有重大意义。明代前期，中菲贸易是传统的朝贡贸易。明王朝厉行海禁政策，禁止私人通番，朝贡贸易在官方支持下获得发展。永乐年间，朝贡贸易达到顶峰，苏禄等国与明朝建立了良好关系，双方政治经济联系大为加强。但“厚往薄来”的朝贡贸易违背了基本的经济规律，重政治轻经济，缺乏持久的发展动力。永乐以后，中菲之间的朝贡贸易陷入停顿状态。与此同时，东南沿海也存在私人海外贸易，但只能在海禁的严冬中艰难发展。明代后期，中菲贸易呈现出一派兴盛景象。西班牙占领菲律宾后，中菲贸易事实变为中国与西班牙之间的贸易。与前期相比，这一时期的中菲贸易主要是私人海外贸易，呈现出规模大、水平高、影响深远等特点。太平洋上的“大帆船贸易”甚至将中菲贸易延伸到了美洲、欧洲，明代后期的中国市场已经与世界市场联系在一起。大量美洲白银经菲律宾流入中国，加速了明代后期白银货币化进程，促进了东南地区商品经济的发展，在一定程度上催生了中国资本主义萌芽。传统中国社会在明代后期受到西方的巨大影响，使中国既面临新的挑战，也获得了新的发展机遇。西人东来确实给中国带来了殖民威胁，澳门、台湾相继被西方人占领，海外华商遭到殖民者大屠杀；但另一方面“西学东渐”也促使中国在经济、文化等领域出现了一些新变化，甚至有使中国产生社会变革的可能。可惜的是，中国由于自身政治、文化等原因，未能抓住机遇象西方那样迅速走向近代化。研究明代中菲贸易，正好给了我们一个审视明代历史发展的新视角。
[Abstract]:In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, great changes took place in European society, new routes were opened up, overseas colonization, Renaissance, religious reform and so on, which began the process of modernization. At this time, China was the late Ming Dynasty rule, the whole society although once prosperous, but difficult to make a big breakthrough. The westerners' arrival to the east opened the door to direct exchanges between the two civilizations, and the traditional society was greatly impacted. When Spain occupied the Philippines in 1571, Sino-Philippine trade developed rapidly, in sharp contrast to the early Ming Dynasty. To study the trade between China and Philippines in Ming Dynasty is the most important content in the relationship between China and Philippines in Ming Dynasty, and it is of great significance to study Chinese society in Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, the trade between China and Philippines was a traditional tributary trade. The Ming Dynasty imposed a ban on the sea and banned private exchanges. Tributary trade was developed with official support. During Yongle period, tributary trade reached its peak. Sulu and other countries established good relations with the Ming Dynasty, and the political and economic ties between the two sides were greatly strengthened. However, the tributary trade violates the basic economic law, emphasizing politics and neglecting economy, and lacks the lasting development power. After Yongle, the tributary trade between China and Philippines came to a standstill. At the same time, there is private overseas trade along the southeast coast, but only in the harsh winter of the sea ban. In the late Ming Dynasty, trade between China and the Philippines took on a prosperous scene. After Spain occupied the Philippines, Sino-Philippine trade became a trade between China and Spain. Compared with the earlier period, the trade between China and the Philippines was mainly private overseas trade, with the characteristics of large scale, high level and far-reaching influence. The Pacific "big sailing trade" even extended the trade between China and the Philippines to the Americas and Europe, and the Chinese market in the late Ming Dynasty was already linked to the world market. A large amount of American silver flowed into China through the Philippines, which accelerated the process of silver monetization in the late Ming Dynasty, promoted the development of commodity economy in Southeast China, and to some extent gave birth to the germination of Chinese capitalism. The traditional Chinese society was greatly influenced by the West in the late Ming Dynasty, which made China face new challenges and new opportunities for development. The westerners' coming to the east has indeed brought a colonial threat to China. Macao and Taiwan have been occupied by westerners one after another, and overseas Chinese businessmen have been massacred by colonists. But on the other hand, "Western learning to the east" has also promoted China's economic development. There have been some new changes in culture and other fields, and there is even the possibility of social change in China. Unfortunately, due to its own political and cultural reasons, China has failed to seize the opportunity to modernize as quickly as the West. The study of the trade between China and the Philippines in Ming Dynasty gives us a new perspective to examine the historical development of Ming Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K248

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