火器与清朝内陆亚洲边疆之形成

发布时间：2018-07-06 12:56

本文选题：火器 + 大清　；参考：《南开大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：火器与清朝内陆亚洲边疆的形成有密切联系。16世纪，以火绳枪为代表的西洋火器传入远东，成为日本、明朝主要的步兵火器。1592-1598年的“壬辰卫国战争”（文禄·av长之役），两国火绳枪传入李朝，一变而成李朝重整军备的首选火器。1619-1636年，在与金/清冲突中，李朝鸟铳传入清朝。朝鲜附清后，清朝数次征调朝鲜鸟铳手，投入进军中原的战争。在欧亚大陆另一端，摆脱金帐汗国控制的俄罗斯利用火器优势，吞没多个伊斯兰汗国，迅速扩张至黑龙江流域，与清朝进行长达37年的武装冲突。清朝为取得火器优势，多次从京师、奉天、宁古塔调发火器、火器手至黑龙江，还一度征发李朝鸟铳手参战，终于将哥萨克逐出黑龙江流域。16世纪以降，奥斯曼帝国的火器流布中亚，直接影响该地区的历史走向，形成萨菲、莫卧儿两大“火药帝国”。在这一历史进程中，卫拉特蒙古（都尔本卫拉特）中的准噶尔（绰罗斯）依靠积聚火器脱颖而出，组织了准噶尔汗国，并在和清朝旷日持久战争中，将以“赞巴拉克”为代表的中亚火器传入清朝，成为18-19世纪清朝主要的轻型火器。为抵消准噶尔的威胁，清朝在1683年组建汉军火器营，，督以专官，演练齐射战术，遂成17世纪末东亚最强大的火器军队，在与噶尔丹博硕克图的战争中起到关键作用。其营制为满洲火器营、八旗驻防和绿旗提供了蓝本。然而，清军在与装备火器，精于骑射的准噶尔军队作战时，并非无往不利。1731年，清军在阿尔泰山脉中的和通泊完败，阵亡率超过70%，在喀尔喀等处的统治一度动摇，亦可看出准噶尔军力的强劲，以及清朝开拓内陆亚洲边疆的艰辛。15-17世纪，亚洲大陆自西向东崛起奥斯曼、萨菲、莫卧儿、大清四个帝国，她们均由来自内陆亚洲，擅长骑射的游牧部落（塞尔柱突厥、土库曼、突厥-蒙兀、满洲）建立。在崛起过程中，火器都发挥了重要作用，被称为“火药帝国”。她们的衰落亦与火器落伍，难以抵抗外来势力有关。这究竟是历史必然，还是巧合。
[Abstract]:Firearms were closely related to the formation of the inland Asian frontier of the Qing Dynasty. In the 16th century, Western firearms, represented by fire rope guns, were introduced into the far East and became Japan. The main infantry firearm of Ming Dynasty. 1592-1598 "Nanchen Patriotic War" (long battle of Wen Lu av), the two countries fire rope gun introduced to Li Dynasty, the first choice firearm. 1619-1636, in the conflict with Jin / Qing Dynasty, Li Chao bird blunders were introduced to the Qing Dynasty. After Korea attached Qing Dynasty, Qing Dynasty several times enlist North Korea bird blunderbuss hand, enter the war of Central Plains. On the other side of Eurasia, Russia, freed from the control of the Golden account and Khan, used its firearm advantage to engulf several Islamic khanates, rapidly expanding into the Heilongjiang Valley, and engaged in 37 years of armed conflict with the Qing Dynasty. In order to gain the advantage of firearms, the Qing Dynasty repeatedly transferred firearms from the capital, Fengtian, Ningguta, firearms to Heilongjiang, and at one point it also called for Li Chao's bird blunderbuss to fight, and finally drove Cossacks out of the Heilongjiang basin in the 16th century. The firearms of the Ottoman Empire spread over Central Asia, which directly influenced the historical trend of the region and formed the two "gunpowder empires" of Safi and Mughal. In this historical process, Junggar (nicknamed Ross) in Werlat Mongolia (Duerbenweilat) stood out by accumulating firearms, organized the Junggar khanate, and in the long war with the Qing Dynasty, The firearms of Central Asia, represented by Zambalak, were introduced into the Qing Dynasty and became the main light firearms in the Qing Dynasty in the 18-19 th century. In order to counteract the threat of Junggar, the Qing Dynasty set up the firearms battalion of the Han army in 1683, using special officers to practice the tactics of firing together, thus becoming the most powerful firearm army in East Asia at the end of the 17th century, which played a key role in the war with Karmambo Ketu. Its camp for Manchuria firearm battalion, eight banners garrison and green flag to provide the blueprint. However, when the Qing army fought against the Junggar army, which was equipped with firearms and was good at riding and shooting, it did not go unfavorable. In 1731, the Qing army was completely defeated in the Altai Mountains, losing more than 70% of its life, and shaking its rule in places such as Khalkha. We can also see the strength of Junggar's military power, and the hardships of the Qing Dynasty in opening up inland Asian frontiers. In the 15th and 17th centuries, the Asian continent rose from west to east to the four empires of Osman, Safi, Mughal, and Qing, all of which came from inland Asia. Nomadic tribes good at riding (Serzhu Turkic, Turkmen, Turkic, Manchuria) were established. In the process of rising, firearms played an important role, known as the gunpowder empire. Their decline was also associated with the fall of firearms, which made it difficult to resist foreign forces. Is this a historical necessity or a coincidence?
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：E295;K249

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