清代东北移民与社会变迁：1644-1911

发布时间：2018-07-06 21:29

本文选题：清代 + 东北移民　；参考：《东北师范大学》2003年博士论文

【摘要】： 相对于中原而言，东北为边疆地区，在数千年的历史发展进程中，其人口迁移相当频繁，总的趋势是北部少数民族人口不断南下，中原汉族人口不断北上，双方往往交汇于辽河流域下游，形成一个既不同于中原也不同于边远地区的文化过渡带。明朝时期，在东北南部设辽东都指挥使司，进行直接管理，在北部设奴儿干都指挥使司，进行羁縻统治。明代末期，清朝兴起，努尔哈赤为造成人口优势，把北部各族人口大量南迁。占领辽沈地区以后，，又继续南迁人口，同时从蒙古和朝鲜半岛，特别是从中原大量迁移人口进入辽沈地区，使辽沈地区的人口数量达到历史新高。顺治元年(1644年)，清朝入关，辽沈地区的人口大部迁往中原，东北南部地区人口只剩三万人左右，北部和西部的土著也不过二十余万。顺治六年(1649年)，清朝政府开始向辽沈地区迁移人口，顺治十年(1653年)，正式颁布“辽东移民招垦令”，鼓励向辽沈地区移民。从顺治十年到宣统三年(1911年)的二百五十余年时间里，在东北移民这个问题上，清朝决策者一直处在开发与封禁的矛盾之中，正是这个矛盾推动着清朝东北移民政策的变化。如果按照时间划分，我们可以大略把东北移民政策变化过程划为如下几个阶段：从顺治十年(1653年)到康熙六年(1667年)，清朝对东北移民的基本政策是鼓励招民开垦，虽然也修建柳条边对移民范围进行限制，但以鼓励为主，这个时期移民开始迁徙东北；从康熙七年(1668年)到乾隆初年，清朝对东北移民基本采取不作为的政策，因此移民迁入的速度较慢；从乾隆初年到嘉庆初年，清朝对东北采取严格的封禁政策，可就在这个时期，东北移民大批涌入，东北南部奉天和热河地区从人口输入区转变为人口输出区；嘉庆道光时期，清朝统治者面临封禁与开发两难处境，严格封禁已不可能，但又不甘心完全对移民开放，所以采取在封禁中开发，在开发中封禁的政策；咸丰初年以后，东北移民的步伐已经到达松花江北，清朝统治者的封禁范围基本限于围场参山，到同治光绪年间，困场参山也厂始放垦，甲午战后，东北终于对移民全面开放。经过二百五十余年时间，清朝东北移民政策经历了招民开垦到严格封禁，再到全面开放的全过程。随着移民的不断迁入，东北的社会结构也在变迁。政治结构卜的旗民二元行政管理体制山于民署权限的逐渐扩张而过渡到民署为主的一元化行政管理体制；土地占有体制上旗地与民地的二元结构也随着民地的增长而山旗向民转化；在文化结构上，通过寺庙建设完全可以反映出民间信仰结构与移民源之间的密切关系，是移民的信仰结构与当地信仰结构相互包容，从而在东北形成有别于中原的新的文化体系。随着移民的不断迁入，东北区域的功能也在逐渐发生变化。通过移民活动，东北从历史卜的粮食输入区变为粮食输出区，农产品商品率大大提高，交通运输迅速发展，城市蓬勃兴起，到清朝木年，东北己经完成了自身的经济一体化。同时东北作为边疆地区，山于移民不断地向北推进，到清朝木年，己经到达黑龙江边。东北移民活动虽然不都是出于巩固边疆这个直接的目的，但是，东北移民活动的客观效果则直接服务于巩固边疆这个目的，排除列强对东北边疆威胁这个因素，历史卜从来没有一个时期有如清朝那样把东北边疆建立在如此稳定的基础之上。清朝初年，东北的文化过渡带还停留在历朝形成的大致范困之内，但是，随着移民的不断迁入，这个过渡带不断向北推移，到清朝木年，已经到达黑龙江等边远地区，东北社会基本完成了它内地化的变迁过程。
[Abstract]:Compared with the Central Plains , the northeast is the border area . In the course of the historical development of thousands of years , the population migration is quite frequent , the general trend is that the population of the northern minority nationalities is continuously south , and the population of the Central Plains is on the north , and the two sides often merge into the lower reaches of the Liaohe River Basin to form a cultural transition zone which is different from the Central Plains and different from the remote areas .

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties , the eastern part of the northeast was set up to make the division and direct management . In the end of the Ming Dynasty , the people in the north and the west of the Qing Dynasty moved to the Liaoshen area . In the past two hundred and fifty years since the reign of Shunzhi ( 1653 years ) and three years ( 1653 years ) , the Qing Dynasty had been developing and closing the population .
From the seven - year period ( 1668 ) to the first year of the reign of Emperor Qian Long , the Qing Dynasty adopted the policy of not being adopted as a basic policy for the northeast migrants , so the migration of immigrants was slower ;
From the first year of the reign of Emperor Qian to the early years of Jiaqing , the Qing Dynasty adopted a strict ban policy on the northeast , which can be changed into the population output area from the population input area to the population output area in the south of northeast China and the hot river area during this period .
During Jiaqing Daoguang period , the Qing Dynasty rulers were faced with the dilemma of confinement and development , and strict confinement was impossible , but it was not entirely open to the immigrants , so it was developed in the confinement .

Policies to be banned in development ;
After the first year of Xianfeng , the pace of the northeast migration has reached the pine flower

The confinement of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty is basically limited to the paddock mountain , and the period of the reign of the reign of the same period of time .

At the beginning of the Sino - Japanese War , the Northeast finally opened its way to the immigrants . After a two - day war , the Northeast finally opened the door to the immigrants .

More than half a hundred and fifty years , the policy of immigration in the northeast of Qing Dynasty experienced the reclamation of the people to strict confinement , and then

To the whole process of full opening .

With the migration of immigrants , the social structure of the northeast is also changing . Political structure carrot

A gradual expansion of the authority of the People ' s Department under the Dualistic Administrative Management System of the Banner People and the Transition to the People ' s Department

One - way administrative management system ;
The binary structure of the land tenure system and the people ' s land has also changed .

The increase of the civilian population and the transformation of the mountain flag to the people ;
in that cultural structure , the construction of the temple can be fully realized

reflects the close relationship between the structure of folk belief and the source of migration , and is the belief structure of immigrants .

The local belief structure is mutually inclusive , thus forming a new cultural system different from Central Plains in the northeast .

With the migration of immigrants , the function of the northeast region has changed gradually .

Migration activities , from the food input area of historical carrot to grain output area , agricultural product commodities

The rate is greatly improved , the transportation develops rapidly , the city is booming , to the Qing Dynasty wood year , the northeast

He has finished his own economic integration . Meanwhile , as a frontier area , the mountains and immigrants do not

In the Qing Dynasty , the people had reached the Heilongjiang River in the Qing Dynasty .

It is not all for the direct purpose of consolidating the frontier , but the objective effect of the northeast migration activities

Fruit is directly serving the purpose of consolidating the frontier and eliminating the threat to the northeast frontier .

Su , history b has never been a period of time , as in the Qing Dynasty , to establish the northeast frontier in such a steady state

on the basis of a definite basis .

In the early years of the Qing Dynasty , the cultural transition zone in the northeast still stayed in the general model of the formation of the past dynasties .

However , as the migration of immigrants continues , the transition zone continues to shift north to the Qing Dynasty ,

It has reached Heilongjiang and other remote areas , and the northeast society has basically completed its inland transformation .

Cheng .
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K249

【引证文献】