如何看待明清时期的中国农业

发布时间：2018-07-09 10:20

本文选题：明清时期 + 农业历史　；参考：《中国农史》2014年01期

【摘要】：一般认为明清时期中国农业已经停滞并趋于衰落,这也是中国近代被动挨打的重要原因。然而,大量历史事实表明,这只是一种想当然的推测。事实上,明清是中国历史上经济发展最为迅速的历史时期,并于19世纪初期到达世界顶峰,其主要支撑体系就是中国的农业。虽然较之宋元,中国农业生产工具数百年中没有什么变化,但在多熟种植、肥料使用、农田水利等精耕细作体系、域外高产作物引种推广及生态农业等诸多方面都有长足的发展和重要创新。可以说,中国农业生产的相对优势一直保持到了19世纪中期,其中土地生产率方面的优势大体维持到了20世纪。究其原因,现代科技真正作用于农业生产始于19世纪中期以后,首先在农业机械领域,而现代作物育种、化学肥料等作用于土地生产率的现代农业科技基本上是20世纪,特别是20世纪20年代以后才逐渐进入生产力。中国传统农户经营制度并未成为农业现代化的障碍。中国近代落后挨打应从世界经济和社会转型大的历史背景来分析。在世界工业化、城市化日新月异的进程中,中国仍然固守传统,不思变化,终于导致在新一轮世界性竞争中落到了后面。
[Abstract]:It is generally believed that Chinese agriculture had stagnated and tended to decline during the Ming and Qing dynasties, which was an important reason for the passive beating in modern China. However, a wealth of historical facts show that this is only a hypothetical. In fact, the Ming and Qing dynasties were the most rapid economic development period in the history of China, and reached the peak of the world in the early 19th century, and its main supporting system was China's agriculture. Although the tools of agricultural production in China have not changed much over the centuries compared with the Song and Yuan dynasties, they have been used in intensive farming systems such as multi-cropping, fertilizer use, irrigation and water conservancy, etc. The introduction and extension of high-yielding crops and ecological agriculture have made great progress and innovation. It can be said that the relative advantage of agricultural production in China has been maintained until the middle of the 19th century, and the advantage of land productivity has been maintained to the 20th century. The reason is that the real role of modern science and technology in agricultural production began in the mid-19th century, first in the field of agricultural machinery, and modern crop breeding, chemical fertilizer and other modern agricultural technology on land productivity is basically the 20th century. Especially after 20 th century 20 s only then gradually enters the productive force. China's traditional farmer management system has not become an obstacle to agricultural modernization. China's modern backwardness should be analyzed from the historical background of world economic and social transformation. In the process of world industrialization and rapid urbanization, China still adheres to tradition and does not want to change, and finally falls behind in the new round of world competition.
【作者单位】：南京农业大学中华农业文明研究院;
【基金】：中央高校基本科研业务重大项目“明清方志农业物产数据库建设”(SKZD201202) 清华大学·农业部农研中心重大项目“中国近现代农业与农村变迁研究”
【分类号】：S-09;K248

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