统治的规则与艺术——春秋战国时期的统治思想及其应用研究

发布时间：2018-07-10 16:59

本文选题：统治规则 + 统治艺术　；参考：《郑州大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：统治，一般而言是指为了维护某个特定的社会组织而运用、强化权力的活动。中国是一个历史上给予政治统治权力以特殊重视的古国。几千年来，最有识见的中国人大多数几乎把自己的全部才华和毕生精力都倾注于政治统治权力的获取、保持、运用的实践和有关政治统治学说的创制上，创造出了极为丰富、深刻和极具个性化、民族化的政治文化传统，也提供了无数生动、具体、典型、精粹的案例与命题。其中既存在可以继承与借鉴的有益的内容，也有需要批判和剔除的糟粕。因此对传统政治统治权力运用的程序、规则、方法、艺术等问题进行探讨、总结和扬弃，就有很重要的历史意义和现实价值。正是基于上述考虑，本文试图用历史比较的方法，探究传统政治统治中的两个中心问题，即统治的规则和统治的艺术。统治的规则是指统治者为实现一定的目标而制定的行动准则或规范。2000多年前的儒、墨、道、法家诸家的经典著作如《论语》、《墨子》、《道德经》、《韩非子》等的问世，既标志着对当时政治实践的理论思考，同时也为后世确立起了不同的统治行为准则和规范。这些统治规则具有相对稳定性和重复性的特点。本文重点对其中提出的而且对后世影响巨大的王道、霸道、人治、法治、无为而治等统治规则进行剖析、阐述。统治艺术是统治者为实现一定的目标，在统治规则指导下行使权力的方法或技巧。相对于统治的规则而言，它具有较多的灵活性、特殊性和个性化的特征。既然统治权力表现为人与人之间的命令服从关系，所以，统治的艺术首先关注的就是“人事”：为了扩大对统治的服从人数，统治者发明了名招、利招、礼招、计招、谏招、力招等形形色色的招贤纳叛权术；为了鉴别对统治的服从程度，统治者运用了同类互比、印象概推、相似相亲、察誉验实，听言、视声、察色、观行、因物、观友等诡奇万变的技法；为了强化对统治的服从力度，统治者采取了兼听、参伍、刑赏、平衡牵制、破党散众、责任扩散、守弱用柔等鬼使神差般的招数；在利用组织机构行使统治权力方面，统治者积淀了诸如明分任职、论德定次、量能授官、相权分割、军权分割、忠诚监察等机构统治术。这些诡谲的统治手段和方法成为历代统治者实现其目标的必由之路。
[Abstract]:Rule, generally speaking, refers to the exercise of power in order to maintain a particular social organization. China is an ancient country that paid special attention to political power in history. For thousands of years, most of the most knowledgeable Chinese people have devoted almost all their talents and energies to the acquisition, maintenance and application of political power, and to the creation of the doctrine of political rule. Profound and highly individualized, nationalized political and cultural traditions also provide countless vivid, concrete, typical, quintessential cases and propositions. There are not only beneficial contents that can be inherited and used for reference, but also dross that need to be criticized and eliminated. Therefore, it is of great historical significance and practical value to probe into, summarize and discard the procedures, rules, methods and arts of the application of traditional political power. Based on the above considerations, this paper attempts to explore two central issues in traditional political rule, namely, the rules of rule and the art of domination, by means of historical comparison. The rule of rule refers to the emergence of the rules of action or norms formulated by rulers to achieve certain goals. The classics of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, and Legalists, such as the Analects of Confucius, < Mozi >, the Book of Ethics, and Hanfeizi, were published more than 2000 years ago. It not only symbolizes the theoretical thinking of political practice at that time, but also establishes different rules and norms for later generations. These rules have the characteristics of relative stability and repeatability. This paper analyzes and expounds the ruling rules of kingship, hegemonism, rule by man, rule by law, rule by doing nothing and so on, which are proposed and have great influence on later generations. The art of rule is a method or technique for rulers to exercise power under the guidance of the rule rules in order to achieve a certain goal. Compared with the rule rules, it has more flexibility, particularity and individuation. Since the power of rule is manifested in the relationship of command, obedience and obedience between people, the art of rule is first concerned with "personnel": in order to expand the number of people who are subject to rule, the ruler has invented famous, profit-seeking, courteous, scheming, and remonstrating moves. In order to judge the degree of servitude to rule, the ruler used the same kind of comparison, impression generalization, similar matchmaking, reputation and truth, listening to words, looking at the sound, observing color, observing the action, and the matter. In order to strengthen the force of obedience to the rule, the ruler has adopted the evil-like tactics such as listening simultaneously, consulting with Wu, punishing reward, balancing restraint, breaking up the party and dispersing the masses, spreading responsibility and defending weakness and softness. In the aspect of using the organization to exercise the ruling power, the ruler has accumulated the rules of the organization such as the clear division of office, the rule of morality, the measure of the authority, the division of power, the division of military power, the loyalty of supervision and so on. These treacherous means and methods became the only way for rulers to achieve their goals.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K225

【引证文献】