明末辽东马市贸易战和女真诸部兴衰
发布时间：2018-07-13 13:10
【摘要】：开原在明代辽东边疆具有重要地位，主要作用是控带外夷。明代中期开始，貂皮贸易从京城的朝贡贸易转移到辽东边境贸易，促进了开原马市的繁荣。辽东逐渐形成了以开原与南北关马市贸易联盟为中心的边疆体系：即明朝通过开原马市贸易来控制南北关海西女真强酋，，进而间接地羁縻深处女真部落和维持辽东的边疆秩序。辽东和女真地区存在着由开原至山寨夷（南北关），进而至江夷、野人女真层层递进、层层控制的内陆亚洲贸易圈。正是通过控制辽东至女真的贸易路线，南北关海西女真叶赫、哈达部不仅在女真部落内部占据着强势地位，还使建州女真长期处于被压制的状态。万历初期，南北关相互争夺开原马市贸易权的内部斗争，使建州部努尔哈赤得以坐大。努尔哈赤的兴起，成功地突破了长期以来海西女真（开原马市）对于建州女真（抚顺马市）的压制，辽东与女真地区的贸易路线，遂由海西女真至开原转变为建州女真至抚顺辽阳一带。这种贸易路线的改变，不仅颠覆了原有的辽东内陆亚洲贸易圈，还冲击了开原的边疆中心地位，直接影响到女真各部势力的兴衰。由此，亦造成了叶赫部和建州部之间的激烈冲突，埋下了明清战争的导火索。
[Abstract]:Kaiyuan played an important role in the Liaodong frontier in Ming Dynasty, and its main function was to control the outside of the belt. Beginning in the middle of Ming Dynasty, mink trade shifted from tributary trade in capital to border trade in eastern Liaoning, which promoted the prosperity of Kaiyuan Ma city. Liaodong gradually formed a frontier system centered on the trade union between Kaiyuan and Guanma: that is, the Ming Dynasty controlled the strong chiefdom of Hexi Nuzhen through the trade between Kaiyuan and Ma in the Ming Dynasty, and indirectly fettered the Nuzhen tribe in the depths of the Jimi and maintained the order of the frontier in eastern Liaoning. There is an inland Asian trade circle from Kaiyuan to Shanzhai Yi (North and South pass) and then to Jiangyi in Liaodong and Nuzhen areas. It is through controlling the trade route from Liaodong to Nu Zhen that Hada not only occupies a strong position within the Nuzhen tribe, but also makes Jianzhou Nuren in the state of being suppressed for a long time. At the beginning of Wanli, the internal struggle between north and south for trade rights in Kaiyuan and Ma made Nulhachi, the state building ministry, sit down. The rise of Nuerhachi successfully broke through the suppression of Hexi Nu Zhen (Kaiyuan Ma City) for a long time, and the trade route between Liaodong and Nuzhen area. Then from Hercynian Nu Zhen to Kaiyuan change to build state Nu Zhen to Fushun Liaoyang area. The change of trade route not only subverted the original Asian trade circle in Liaodong, but also impacted the central position of frontier of Kaiyuan, and directly affected the rise and fall of the forces of Nu Zhen. As a result, it caused fierce conflict between Yeh and Jianzhou, and buried the fuse of the Ming and Qing wars.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248
本文编号：2119485
[Abstract]:Kaiyuan played an important role in the Liaodong frontier in Ming Dynasty, and its main function was to control the outside of the belt. Beginning in the middle of Ming Dynasty, mink trade shifted from tributary trade in capital to border trade in eastern Liaoning, which promoted the prosperity of Kaiyuan Ma city. Liaodong gradually formed a frontier system centered on the trade union between Kaiyuan and Guanma: that is, the Ming Dynasty controlled the strong chiefdom of Hexi Nuzhen through the trade between Kaiyuan and Ma in the Ming Dynasty, and indirectly fettered the Nuzhen tribe in the depths of the Jimi and maintained the order of the frontier in eastern Liaoning. There is an inland Asian trade circle from Kaiyuan to Shanzhai Yi (North and South pass) and then to Jiangyi in Liaodong and Nuzhen areas. It is through controlling the trade route from Liaodong to Nu Zhen that Hada not only occupies a strong position within the Nuzhen tribe, but also makes Jianzhou Nuren in the state of being suppressed for a long time. At the beginning of Wanli, the internal struggle between north and south for trade rights in Kaiyuan and Ma made Nulhachi, the state building ministry, sit down. The rise of Nuerhachi successfully broke through the suppression of Hexi Nu Zhen (Kaiyuan Ma City) for a long time, and the trade route between Liaodong and Nuzhen area. Then from Hercynian Nu Zhen to Kaiyuan change to build state Nu Zhen to Fushun Liaoyang area. The change of trade route not only subverted the original Asian trade circle in Liaodong, but also impacted the central position of frontier of Kaiyuan, and directly affected the rise and fall of the forces of Nu Zhen. As a result, it caused fierce conflict between Yeh and Jianzhou, and buried the fuse of the Ming and Qing wars.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248
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本文编号：2119485
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